Preamble

The House met at Eleven o' Clock

PRAYERS

[Mr. SPEAKER in the Chair]

Orders of the Day — NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE (AMENDMENT) BILL

Lords Amendments considered.

Clause 7.—(REMOVAL OF HARDSHIPS.)

Lords Amendment: In page 11, leave out line 17.

11.6 a.m.

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health (Mr. Blenkinsop): I beg to move, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said Amendment."
This, and the following Amendment to line 18—at end insert "The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland"—are both drafting Amendments which simply make certain changes in the order in which the accountants societies appear in the list in Subsection (6).

Professor Savory: In regard to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland, does that mean Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland?

Mr. Blenkinsop: Northern Ireland.

Professor Savory: Then will the Minister insert the words "Northern Ireland"?

Question put, and agreed to.

Lords Amendment: In page 15, line 15, at end insert new Clause "A"—(Additional functions of Medical Practices Committee).
Regulations made under section thirty-four of the Act of 1946 and regulations made under section thirty-five of the Act of 1947 may confer or impose on the Medical Practices Committee or, as the case may be, the Scottish Medical Practices Committee such additional functions in relation to arrangements for the provision of general medical services as may be prescribed.

Mr. Blenkinsop: I beg to move, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said Amendment."
This is a matter of Privilege and, therefore, it is necessary that an entry be made in the Journal.

Question put, and agreed to.

Lords Amendment: In page 15, line 15, after the Amendment last inserted, insert new Clause "B"—(Recovery of charges in respect of pharmaceutical services).
Section thirty-eight of the Act of 1946 and section forty of the Act of 1947 (which provide for the making of arrangements for pharmaceutical services) shall be amended by the addition at the end of each of those sections of the following subsection:—
'(3) Regulations may provide for the making and recovery, in such manner as may be prescribed, of such charges, in respect of such pharmaceutical services, as may be prescribed, and may provide for the remission or repayment of the charges in the case of such persons as may be prescribed.'

Mr. Blenkinsop: I beg to move, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said Amendment."
I think, Mr. Speaker, that by inadvertence I said that the previous Amendment was a drafting Amendment. I thought that we were taking the second Amendment.

Lieut.-Colonel Walter Elliot: So did I.

Mr. Blenkinsop: If it were possible to take a discussion on the new Clause "A," I should be in a position to say a word or two about it.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: On a point of Order. I trust that it will be possible because naturally we accepted the assurance of the Minister that it was a drafting Amendment, not wishing to delay proceedings, but the Amendment to insert a new Clause "A" is far from drafting—not that we intend to oppose it—and it would be for the convenience of the House and the record, if some explanation were permitted.

Mr. Speaker: It is awkward. I can only suggest that perhaps both can be discussed together on this Motion.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: On that point of Order, Mr. Speaker, I thought that what was said referred to


the words in the second Amendment. I think the second Amendment to page 15 has never been put, because only two Amendments have so far been taken.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: May I support that? I think that by inadvertence the Amendment which has been made is the second Amendment, which was a drafting Amendment, and that in fact the new Clause "A" has not yet been before the House.

Mr. Speaker: I believe that is correct. I did not notice that there were two Amendments which were drafting. Actually the hon. Member for Queen's University of Belfast (Professor Savory) spoke to the second Amendment when we were discussing the first. I hope we have that right now.

Lords Amendment: In page 15, line 15, at end insert new Clause "A"—(Additional functions of Medical Practices Committee).
A. Regulations made under section thirty-four of the Act of 1946 and regulations made under section thirty-five of the Act of 1947 may confer or impose on the Medical Practices Committee or, as the case may be, the Scottish Medical Practices Committee such additional functions in relation to arrangements for the provision of general medical services as may be prescribed.

Mr. Blenkinsop: I beg to move, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said Amendment."
This is merely to enable the Minister to make regulations adding to the functions of the Medical Practices Committee. Those functions, as already set out, in relation to the distribution of doctors are at present limited by statute to granting applications by doctors not already on the medical list for inclusion in that specific list. This has resulted in some practical difficulties. For example, where several doctors may apply to fill a vacancy, it might be held that the Medical Practices Committee are only strictly concerned with applications which come from outside the area in which the vacancy occurs, whereas obviously it is desirable, and has indeed been the practice, for the Medical Practices Committee to consider applications from wherever they may come, and make their decision upon the qualities of the applicants.
There are one or two other cases where experience has shown that an extension

of functions might be desirable. For example, in England and Wales the view is taken that a doctor whose application to employ an assistant is refused by the executive council, as it might properly be, should have the right of appeal; and it seems to us that the Medical Practices Committee should have the power of determining such appeals. These matters have had the full consideration of the medical profession and I can give the assurance that any other similar widening of the powers and functions of the Medical Practices Committee would receive the consideration of the medical profession before any changes in regulations were proposed.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: We on this side are in complete agreement with the Amendment, which we think is a useful addition to the Bill. We understand from the Parliamentary Secretary that there are three specific purposes for which these additional powers for the Minister to make regulations are required. I think that before we pass from the Lords Amendment we should have some statement from the Government that it is not intended to use its rather wide wording to take additional powers for the Medical Practices Committee without, at any rate, giving Parliament some opportunity of considering what those powers might be. The wording of the Lords Amendment is a little wide and it may be that powers could be given to take care of the sort—

The Minister of Health (Mr. Aneurin Bevan): There will be regulations.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: I understand the right hon. Gentleman to say that there will be regulations, which will require to be laid and which will, therefore, give an opportunity to Parliament to consider any specific powers. In those circumstances, we on this side welcome the Amendment.

Question put, and agreed to.

Lords Amendment: In page 15, line 15, after the Amendment last inserted, insert new Clause "B"—(Recovery of charges in respect of pharmaceutical services).
B. Section thirty-eight of the Act of 1946 and section forty of the Act of 1947 (which provide for the making of arrangements for pharmaceutical services) shall be amended by


the addition at the end of each of those sections of the following subsection:—
(3) Regulations may provide for the making and recovery in such manner as may be prescribed, of such charges, in respect of such pharmaceutical services, as may be prescribed, and may provide for the remission or repayment of the charges in the case of such persons as may be prescribed.

Mr. Blenkinsop: I beg to move, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in. the said Amendment."
The Lords Amendment is designed to give the necessary statutory authority for the proposal announced by my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister to make a charge for prescriptions under the National Health Service. The proposed new Clause is drafted widely because the exact nature of the arrangements has not yet been settled; discussions are proceeding.
It has, of course, already been announced that the charge will not exceed one shilling and that old age pensioners will be relieved of the charge, as will ex-Service men who are war pensioners, who will continue to receive free treatment for their war disabilities. Beyond that, I cannot say further than that we have under consideration the many representations which have been made by Members of the House and others as to the detailed working of the scheme, which is under consideration.
In another place the suggestion was made that there has been over-prescribing by doctors. On that point I should say that already there is a joint committee of the Central and Scottish Health Services councils to advise whether it is desirable and practicable to restrict in any way the prescribing by doctors of medicines of doubtful value and of unnecessarily expensive brands of standard drugs. We shall not, of course, be in a position to make any statement about this until any recommendations have been made.

11.15 a.m.

Lieut.-Colonel Elliot: This, of course, is an Amendment of more substance, but we ought to be able to dispose of it in a relatively short time, because, as the Minister has said on a previous Amendment, it is merely giving him power to lay regulations. These eventually will be laid, and on that occasion the House will have an opportunity of considering the

actual proposal instead of, as now, merely the principle involved. We would not, of course, oppose this Amendment. We did not divide against the Bill on Second Reading and we do not propose to divide against this and the succeeding Amendment, which in our view give the necessary latitude to the Minister.
At the same time, it would not be desirable to pass without a certain amount of comment, the proposal which is now being made. It is a proposal which admittedly will place some 19 million people in a worse position than they have been in since July, 1948, and a considerable number of people in a worse position than they have been in since 1912, when the new schemes allowed insured persons to obtain their prescriptions without this charge.
The Amendment is, as the Parliamentary Secretary has said, in accordance with the declaration of the Prime Minister, which intimated that some £13 million, I think, would be obtained by this charge.

Mr. Blenkinsop: £10 million.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: I understand from the hon. Gentleman that it is £10 million. If the Minister speaks further on this matter perhaps he would inform us whether that figure is still intended. Secondly, on a matter of very great importance, when may we expect the regulations to be laid? The Parliamentary Secretary said that discussions were taking place, but the Prime Minister made the introduction of these reforms a matter of urgency and suggested that they would all need to come into operation at a very early date. Parliament is now about to prorogue. Will the regulations be laid during the Prorogation of Parliament? That is to say, will the regulations be current before Parliament meets again? It is a matter of great importance, because these regulations have the force of law as soon as they are laid and Parliament will need to take the earliest possible opportunity of debating them thereafter.
Furthermore, will the sums which it is intended to raise by this procedure obviate any suggestion or necessity of a Supplementary Estimate for the Ministry? It will be remembered that last year Supplementary Estimates for a considerable sum were laid. [Laughter.] Indeed,


it is a very germane question, because the Prime Minister laid much emphasis upon the great undesirability of increasing expenditure and, indeed, upon the necessity for reducing expenditure. It is very important to know whether these sums which are to be raised are actually to reduce expenditure, or merely to diminish an increasing expenditure which has already been determined
It is true, as the Parliamentary Secretary has said, that these matters are still being worked out, but we are all—I am sure, the Minister more than anyone—under a bombardment of questions as to what the line is likely to be. I wonder whether, for the convenience of the country, the Minister could give us any further information upon that this morning. Certain hard cases can be met; the Parliamentary Secretary mentioned old age pensioners and ex-Service men who are war pensioners. Is there any intention to extend further the category of hard cases, of which every one of us has had many examples brought to our notice?
A very important point, which the Minister, I think, must by now have determined, is whether the charge is to be based on each prescription or on each prescription form. As the Minister knows, often on a prescription form there may be a number of prescriptions. As far as I have been able to ascertain the average number of prescriptions on each prescription form is 1.5, that is to say, three prescriptions on two forms. It is very desirable to know whether the prescription form, or the prescription is to be charged.
When the Minister says that a sum not exceeding one shilling is to be charged is it intended that it shall be on a flat rate, or a graded rate? The Parliamentary Secretary will realise the importance of that. Obviously, some prescriptions are very expensive, but a great number are inexpensive and it is on those inexpensive prescriptions that the pricing machinery is just now in great difficulty. I agree with the Minister when he says that he shudders to think of the flood of medicines the British public are pouring down their throats and I am delighted to think that he does not accept an increase in prescriptions as indicating an improvement in the health of the

country, but it is the large number of small prescriptions which is causing the difficulty with the chemists. If they are to be priced on a graded figure that difficulty will be increased, but, if the increase is to be on the small prescriptions, it may well be that a proportionately large charge is to be exacted. I should have thought that the Minister would be able to give a general lead by this time on these matters because, although the regulations will state them in detail, the ordinary public are, of course, extremely interested and anxious to gain what information they can from our discussions this morning.
If the Minister could give us information on those matters it would be of very great use and importance, particularly on the point of when he expects the regulations to be made and when they are to be available in draft, as I suppose they will be sent out in draft first for our consideration. I trust the Minister will agree that we are approaching the matter this morning, as it should be approached, on a businesslike basis and, as those concerned with the practical working of the scheme, anxious to see that it works economically and as efficiently as such a great scheme would be expected to work.

Mr. Frank Byers: I think the House will agree that, on the whole, I have been extremely friendly to the National Health Service, but, this morning, I want to ask the Minister very seriously indeed if he will give further consideration to the suggestion that there should be a charge for prescriptions. I would go further and say that the more I have looked at this, the more I have come to the conclusion that the Lords Amendment should be rejected, for two reasons. One, I do not think it is going to work; and, two, I do not believe it is right to deal with a matter of this sort entirely by regulations.
I know the very great difficulties in putting too much into an Act of Parliament, but I think this House should have clearly in mind the categories and classes of people to whom this is going to apply and that ought to be in the Act, because regulations cannot be amended and this House has a responsibility to discharge to its fellow citizens. We ought to know, in some form which we can consider and


amend, exactly to whom and to which classes this particular type of charge is to relate. As the right hon. and gallant Member for the Scottish Universities (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) said, this is the first time for 36 years that the insured workers have been called upon to pay something for their prescriptions. It was never part of the Liberal health insurance scheme. We ought to be extremely careful about giving to any Government, or to any Minister, powers to make regulations which can only be challenged in toto and which cannot be examined in detail, because it is the details which will matter to the people of the country.
It has been mentioned that categories we must consider very carefully are the unemployed and those on sickness benefit. This House should not give the Minister any powers to deal with those categories without knowing the actual way in which he proposes to deal with them. What about the actual difficulties of this scheme when rural practitioners dispense their own medicines? Are we not creating more administrative difficulties, more bureaucracy and more administration? We ought to know that before we give the Minister such powers. What about those who require continuous treatment, like diabetics? Is this to be a continuous charge of 50s., or 60s., a year to some people? If it is, I am not standing for it and I want the proposals laid before the House in a form in which they can be amended in detail.
I say quite frankly that I do not think the scheme will work. If the charge is too high it will cause serious injustice and will be too high for some people, but if the charge is too low it will not remove the abuses, or so-called abuses, of the system. I believe this Lords Amendment should be withdrawn and a serious attempt made to deal with the heavy burden laid on the medical system of the country at present. We should not give the Minister the powers he is seeking now, because the House would be irresponsible to do so.

Dr. Santo Jeger: As one of the few medical Members of this House who is still attempting to follow his profession regularly, I am grateful for the opportunity of saying a word or two on this matter. I could not agree more with the hon. Member for North Dorset (Mr. Byers).

Of course the right hon. and gallant Member for the Scottish Universities (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) followed the line that was expected of him; this is a move in his direction and, therefore, he welcomed it.
I very much regret that the Government have found it necessary to introduce the idea of charging for prescriptions. I regard it as a completely retrograde step. When the National Health Service was introduced we all regarded it as a great move-forward. We were removing the barriers between the classes and opening the results of research and advance in medical treatment to everyone in our population. To that end we encouraged everybody to become health conscious; we raised the value of early diagnosis and said that if people considered that they had small ailments they should seek consultations, because small ailments, if untreated, often lead to very serious diseases.
Now we are told that this is being introduced as a deterrent. Whom are we to deter from obtaining medical treatment, or medicine, which it is considered they need? Is it really suggested that people are going to wait very long hours in doctors' surgeries when they know they will get something very trivial in the way of treatment and that it is a small prescription which will not even come under the eye of the pricing department? We know that most people have not time to do so and will not wait long hours in surgeries if they are to receive a trivial kind of treatment and if their complaints are of a trivial nature. But, since we have told them that small complaints often lead to serious diseases, we cannot blame them when they take that to heart. When they go into a doctor's surgery they do not know whether they are to have an expensive medicament, or a cheap prescription, because they do not know what is the matter with them, and often the doctor does not know, but has to give them an expectorant or a waiting treatment. The patient certainly does not know.
11.30 a.m.
We have already had reference to people who may not be intermittent patients but who need continuous treatment, people with all sorts of diseases such as rheumatism, chronic bronchitis, heart complaints, disturbed blood


pressure, poor-operative conditions, and diabetes. Is it really suggested that these people, or many of them—we do not know what categories will be exempted—should have to pay for their medicines over a comparatively long period? They are the kind of persons who get into financial difficulties. It is true that there is a National Insurance Scheme which provides those entitled to it with 26s. per week plus something for their dependants. Surely, it is not suggested that that is so magnificent a sum that it can be spread over all sorts of extra expenses which a sick person is liable to incur and that, in addition, he should be able to pay for his medicines which he has hitherto not been asked to do?
I am afraid that we shall deter the wrong people from going to the doctor for treatment. The right hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for the Scottish Universities referred to the number of prescriptions which may be included on a prescription form. I believe that there is printed on the back of the form an instruction to doctors that they must not include more than two prescriptions on the form. The average is less than that, it is 1.5. One can easily imagine an ailment for which a doctor may have to prescribe four or five different items. For example, I have seen Members of this House wearing dressings which indicated that they had boils. The treatment of boils may require four, five or even six different items to be prescribed at one time if the treatment is to be adequate and successful. If a man with a boil who walks into a doctor's surgery is to be asked, either there or at the shop of the chemist to whom he takes the prescription to be dispensed, to pay five or six shillings for treatment it seems to me that that will be a little excessive.
We have heard only in a general way what the Government propose to do. We have had no details; we have not had the regulations. I feel very much as does the hon. Member for North Dorset, that we ought to have an opportunity to see the regulations and, if possible, to amend them. I might not be so much opposed to this step as a general principle if there were adequate provisions for exemptions and for amending the regulations at the time when they are

made. Without seeing how the proposal is to work, I think that as a general principle it is bad and I do not think that the House ought to agree to it.
The Minister of Health recently made a speech in which he talked about cascades of medicines being poured down people's throats. We all know that a good deal of unnecessary medicine is being prescribed and consumed, but the Minister knows as well as I do that medicines are given not only for their physical effect but also for their psychological effect. We all know that a medicine is often given to a patient to act purely as a mental poultice. We cannot expect by one speech, not even a speech uttered with the eloquence of my right hon. Friend, to alter the mental make-up of the whole world and the kind of faith which the world has been brought up to have in medical advisers.
There is a great tradition of the supernatural about it—witchcraft, love potions, all sorts of things—which is to be found in a very extensive literature extending from the Bible to Shakespeare and going beyond in both directions. I repeat that one speech by my right hon. Friend will not wipe out all that, however true what he says may be. People go to doctors either because they are ill or because they have perfectly natural fears about their health. These fears may be justified or unjustified. It is not always possible for a doctor to eliminate or alleviate those fears by words. He has to do something more, and it may be that part of what he has to do is to supply a prescription. Many of these very cheap prescriptions which have been referred to so contemptuously or eloquently are necessarily of a very cheap character. I dare say that my right hon. Friend knows the word by which they are known in the medical profession. If he does not I will present him with it. They are known as placebos, which I need not explain simply means "I will please you."
It has been said that for the first time since 1911 insured workers will, under these regulations, have to pay for prescriptions. That is a very serious matter. I do not think that the worker who has been accustomed almost for generations to get his medical treatment free of charge should now be asked to pay for it. It is a backward and retrograde step. I am sure that it is not one by which my


right hon. Friend would care to be remembered in history. It is foreign to his temperament and inclinations, and I am sure that if he will look at the matter again he will realise it is also contrary to necessity.
We are told that old age pensioners might be exempted, but what is an old age pensioner? Is it someone who has retired on retirement pension or is it someone who is working beyond retirement age and drawing wages? We know that people have been urged to stay at work because there are many industries which are short of workers. Such people will receive higher retirement pensions later when they stop working. Are they to be exempted or are they to be expected to pay for their prescriptions although they will be older than many old age pensioners?
Who is to carry out the necessary detective work to ascertain whether they are entitled or not to be exempted? Is the chemist to ask for proof? I do not think the doctor will agree to do so or that he will be asked to do so. Everyone will agree that the doctor already has sufficient to do. The chemist may have to be asked to ensure that the people who bring the prescriptions to him supply the proof that they are entitled to exemption. I do not think the chemist will feel that he should have to do such detective work either, that he should be required to ask people to produce their birth certificate or to show whether they are working or drawing the old age pension. The proposal seems to me to involve more practical difficulties in all sorts of directions than is justified by the amount which the Government hope to get from it.
The Minister has had resolutions and representations from all sorts of quarters about the iniquity of this proposal. Curiously enough he has had representations made to him both by the British Medical Association, who passed a resolution, and by the Socialist Medical Association. I do not think that these two bodies have ever been in agreement on any subject before, but they are very definitely in agreement on this one. I do not know whether my right hon. Friend considers this to be an unholy alliance but it is certainly very interesting that two bodies of doctors who disagree so much on so many vital questions connected with the National Health Service

should agree so fundamentally on this question.
Another criticism I wish to make is in reference to the fact that there is a good deal of scope in the proposal for evasion. Again I speak subject to the regulations; I have not seen them and I do not know how they are to work. I could, however, show the Minister many ways in which both doctors and patients could evade this charge. They could get a very large bottle of medicine full to the brim and expect it to last over a long period. If there were no change in the condition of the patient that would be satisfactory, but there are not many cases where there is no change in the condition of a patient from one week to the next, or one fortnight to the next. So a very great deal of waste would be involved in a procedure of that sort.
I suppose that a patient could get a prescription for himself or herself, and get one for an old age pensioner, who might be the father or mother. All the prescriptions would be put on one form. There would be no check on that kind of thing at all if anyone wished to perpetrate that kind of evasion. What is to prevent a mother who has three children of approximately the same age all suffering from the same kind of complaint—let us suppose all three children had whooping-cough for example—getting one large bottle of medicine which would suffice for all three of the children, who are going to have the same treatment in any case? That is another kind of evasion, and I could go on multiplying instances of this kind almost ad infinitum.
There is one rather more serious aspect, and that is that a good deal of medical research in the past has been done by general practitioners. I think it fair to say that a multiplicity of remedies for any given illness is a measure of the failure hitherto of research in that particular illness. Any attempt to limit the work of general practitioners to drugs which are on a standardised list, and to prevent them from trying out unestab-lished drugs which have not yet received the impress of the British Pharmacopoeia or the Medical Research Council, will have a bad effect. It will suppress original work and prevent medical practitioners from taking a real interest in a very absorbing and vital


side of their profession. We do not want to stop original work, or to prevent medical discoveries or the trying out of new preparations. It would be a calamity indeed if the suggestions made by the Parliamentary Secretary were taken seriously and adopted—

Mr. Bevan: Do I now understand my hon. Friend to say that if a committee consisting of responsible members of the medical profession say that a certain ingredient sold under a more expensive title is exactly the same as another ingredient sold under a less expensive title, we ought to adopt the idiosyncrasy of a general practitioner and pay the inflated price?

Dr. Jeger: I did not say that at all. I agree that when there are two preparations, one of which costs less than another, that, other things being equal, one should use the cheaper one. That is self-evident. But we did not get that kind of idea from what was said by the Parliamentary Secretary. What was being suggested was—

Mr. Bevan: I hope that my hon. Friend will not pursue this matter because it might very well prejudice discussions now going on. If my hon. Friend is now proceeding to say that in no circumstances whatsoever can we have an official list of drugs provided by a responsible authoritative committee, I am sure he is going much further than my hon. Friends around him would wish him to go.

Mr. Pritt: On a point of Order. Is it in Order for the House to be asked by the Minister not to discuss a matter brought before the House by the Government because it will prejudice discussion elsewhere? If that is the position, this discussion had better be adjourned for a few months, or else the House ought to be allowed to discuss the matter.

Mr. Bevan: In my submission, the Amendment before the House has nothing to do with this list. It is in regard to the power to enforce a charge.

11.45 a.m.

Dr. Jeger: I referred to this matter only because it was mentioned in passing by the Parliamentary Secretary. I am prepared to accept what the Minister has

said and not pursue it any further. I would point out again that we are discussing a general principle on which we have no details or regulations and it is a little difficult to limit one's field.
I have had very considerable experience in the last 25 years as a general practitioner, and I have had something to do with treating persons under the new Service. In my experience, there has been very little abuse of the Service. I do not find people coming to the surgery for nothing. I do not find that they abuse the Service, or that they make excessive demands. I find that the Service is working very well indeed. There are only a few individuals who, from the point of view of the doctor, are a nuisance.
It is very interesting that when one discusses this matter with a patient, one finds that every patient says, "Of course, doctor, I think there ought to be a charge, but I do not think that the charge ought to be made to me. I think that all those people who are waiting in your surgery and who keep me waiting many hours are probably abusing the Service; but I am not abusing it. I have come for a perfectly good and valid reason." When everyone says that, one realises it is possible to support a proposal of this kind for the wrong reasons; and every person is convinced that he himself is not the person making an excessive demand upon the facilities provided for him.
When all the various possible exemptions are considered—people who are receiving unemployment benefit; people suffering from various kinds of chronic illness; people who are war pensioners; people who are entitled to draw their old age pensions, whether they do or not; people incapacitated for a long period and in financial difficulties—when each one of those various exemptions is considered, plus exemptions we have already been told about, one comes to the conclusion that there would be very little of the £10 million expected which would still await collection.
One is told again of the disorganisation caused to chemists and doctors. There is also the mental disturbance and possible physical deterioration that would be caused to patients, because if we prevent or deter people from going to the doctor's surgery we shall encourage self-medication and the purchase from


chemists' shops of patent medicines. I am sure that if this proposal goes through, the vendors of patent medicines will find their sales going up by leaps and bounds, and I think that would be a very harmful result indeed. For all those reasons, I hope that the Amendment will not be proceeded with.

Mr. Linstead: As no doubt many hon. Members know, I am the Secretary of the Pharmaceutical Society and I welcome the opportunity this morning of being able to inform the House of what I have been able to gather of the views that chemists have on the proposals which the Minister is making. I would say, generally, in relation to the last two speeches to which we have listened, that if one looks at the Health Service as a whole, one is bound to realise that it needs an enormous amount of money. I would not condemn out of hand a proposal which meant that, in order to be able to afford a little more money for the hospitals, let us say—which are in need of money—the Minister is exploring the possibility of, shall we call it, "pay as you use" in relation to some other part of the Service. I would far rather that was explored than that cuts should be made in the hospital service, or the rebuilding of hospitals held up simply because enough overall finance was not available.
I would not go so far as the hon. Member for Northern Dorset (Mr. Byers), and condemn this proposal out of hand. He said he was satisfied that it would not work. My trouble is that I do not know whether it will work or not, because, with all respect to the Minister, I do not yet know what his scheme is. It is only fair to the House that we should not be asked to go too far with our approval of this scheme without knowing in rather more detail just how he proposes to carry it out. The Parliamentary Secretary said that consultations or discussions were already proceeding. I am fairly confident that the chemists have not been brought into the discussions if. in fact, they have extended outside the Ministry. I hope that the Minister will be able to say that he proposes at an early date to bring the chemists into the discussions. They are the people, as far as one can see, who will have to operate this scheme. They have taken on an enormous amount of

additional work and they are entitled to know just where they stand. They certainly do not know at present
When one considers the enormous increase in the cost of medicines under the Health Service and when one realises how unequal is the incidence of prescribing the cost of medicines as between one part of the country and another, then one concludes that the Minister is justified in setting on foot inquiries which may lead to payments by the patients. For example, the original estimates for the pharmaceutical service were £6 million. They went up to £13 million, and now the estimates are £20 million. On figures of this sort, the Minister is entitled to examine the circumstances to see whether there is not something which can be saved to the Exchequer out of this large expense.
I want to put a few questions to the Minister mainly in an endeavour to outline the problem to him in case he may not have seen all the aspects of it, and also in an endeavour to discover what he has in mind as to the actual working of this charge. One or two hon. Members have already asked the question, "Is it to be a charge on each prescription or on each form?" That, I think, is fundamental. Surely the Minister must have had some advice on that subject during the rather long time which has elapsed since the Prime Minister first made his announcement. The hon. Member for South-East St. Pancras (Dr. Jeger) mentioned the case of the prescription written for more than one patient. There are any number of prescriptions of this type written by doctors. I had one shown to me the other day for two items. The second item had two doses attached to it. I caused the chemist to make an inquiry and he discovered that the first item was for the mother and the second was for two children. Does a prescription of that kind rank as one or does it rank as three?
That is not an isolated example picked out because it happens to be an obvious anomaly. I am sure that there are hundreds of thousands of such prescriptions written in cases of family sickness. As the Minister may know, discussions are going on whereby what are called group prescriptions can be written if there is an epidemic in a school. Instead of writing 60 individual prescriptions a school


doctor may be able to write one prescription for 60 patients. Is that to rank for a charge of 1s. or 60s.? Until questions of this sort are settled, it is impossible to judge this scheme fairly.
An important point is whether there is Jo be a flat rate charge or a charge graduated according to the value of the medicine. My view is that there must be a flat rate charge. It would be impossible, when the pricing officers cannot cope with the normal pricing of prescriptions at present, to attempt to make any sort of assessment according to the value of the medicine. The most they can do is to count the forms. I doubt very much whether they are equipped now to count the number of prescriptions on the forms.
It seems to me to be relevant to ask, since members of the public who go to a general practitioner are to be charged this amount, what of members of the public who go as out-patients to hospitals? Where should we draw the line between the two? The last thing we want to do is to move the flow of patients from the general practitioner into the out-patient departments of hospitals. There is also the problem of the rural doctor who enters into a special type of contract. He is paid a per capita fee for his patients and he provides the medicine in addition to the diagnosis and so on. There is no prescription in those cases. Is a 1s. charge to be paid by the patient and, if so, how is it to be paid and what is the guarantee that in due course it will be paid to the Treasury?
Then there is the very difficult question of exemptions. We already know about the old-age pensioners and the war pensioners. I think I have seen somewhere a reference to the exemption of diabetics who, in order to make life at all tolerable, have to go possibly weekly for their prescription for insulin. If diabetics are to be exempted, what about epileptics who have to go regularly for prescriptions, and what about the chronic sick, who very often are the people who can least afford to pay at regular intervals the sum of 1s., or whatever it may be, for bronchitis mixture or whatever it is they need? Has the Minister any criterion for exemptions?
Finally, how is the calculation to be done? If it is to be a straightforward

payment of 1s. when the medicine is handed over the counter, possibly the system may work. Is it intended that for each form which the chemist sends in to the pricing office he will be paid 1s. less, on the assumption that he has already collected 1s.? That could be done, but if anything more elaborate than that is required, and particularly if as the hon. Member for South-East St. Pancras suggested, the chemist is to assess whether or not a person is entitled to exemption, then it seems to me we will have such a complicated scheme of accounting required of the chemists that the whole plan will be unworkable. In that case the chemists would be asked to undertake a job which is far beyond their capacity.
The Minister may say that all these matters are really details and that it is in order to get these details worked out that he is now conducting discussions. He may say that when the regulations emerge we shall know the answers to these questions; but there are some instances in which the details are the essence of the scheme. This is such a scheme. Although I am not opposed to the general principle of the pay-as-you-use system adapted to the National Health Service, I do not see why it should be restricted to the pharmaceutical service. If it is justified in principle, it is justified for the dental, the ophthalmic and the other benefits. However the matter is worked, the details are of the essence of the scheme. Until we hear the details, we are bound to suspend judgment and to say that the Minister has not made out his case. If there is a Division, unless the Minister can help us on this matter, I should feel inclined to refrain from voting one way or the other.

12 noon.

Mr. Somerville Hastings: I should like to make a humble but very sincere protest against the principle involved in this new Clause. I have always looked upon the National Health Service Act as perhaps the best piece of legislation carried out by the present Government. It is based on that great Socialist principle—to each according to his need. When the scheme first came into operation, there were many old people who did not appreciate the profundity of that great principle. They


inquired whether, if they had never paid insurance contributions, they had any right to take advantage of it. Are we going to replace that great Socialist principle "Each according to his need" by "Each according to his shilling "?
I have discussed the question of abuse with very many doctors, both before and after the proposal to charge for medicine was put forward. I found that perhaps a little more than half of the doctors with whom I have discussed the matter agreed that there was some abuse. With a new service, people like to try it out, and there may have been some abuse. But, when I have tried to analyse the replies of the doctors who said there was abuse and those who said there was none, I found that, without exception, the doctors who agreed that there was any considerable abuse were the doctors who were opposed to the scheme from the start, who did not want a universal Health Service but who wanted the well-to-do to be compelled to pay for it directly. Undoubtedly, there may have been some abuse in the past. There always will be neurotic people who go to the doctor more often than they need, but I would like to ask the Minister whether he supposes that these neurotic people will be deterred by a shilling, and be robbed of the enjoyment of bad health, and, perhaps, the chief interest in their lives? I suggest that one of the people who will be deterred will be the poor mother with young children, who is over-burdened in any case and who is perfectly ready, unfortunately too ready, with all her preoccupations, to take advantage of any excuse for not bringing her children to the doctor at the earliest possible moment.
I suggest to the Minister that, so far from these proposals reducing the "cascades of medicine" of which he has talked, they may even increase them. Doctors generally are very concerned about the interests of their patients. They are ready to do anything that is reasonable and possible to serve these interests, and I think a doctor may very reasonably say, "This is a poor patient, who may feel the shilling, and I should be wiser to give him medicine for a month rather than for a fortnight." May not this, in some cases, result in more medicine being ordered, rather than less?
I have felt, and many have felt, that a great advantage of a free and universal service was that the doctors should get hold of illness earlier than they otherwise would do, for it is true to say, in medicinal treatment perhaps more than anything else, that the stitch in time saves nine. This has always been true, but it is infinitely truer today since so many bacteriocidal new drugs have been introduced.
Let us take the case of a child with ear-ache. The doctor orders penicillin, sulphonamide or one of these drugs, and the trouble clears up rapidly. If the child is not taken to the doctor at once, he would probably get a perforated drum, and that perforation might become permanent for life, or mastoid disease might develop. We do want to get the cases early. The same thing applies to cancer. Where it can be recognised early, the results of treatment of cancer are astound-ingly good. What the profession wants to know are the early symptoms of the disease so that we can get the condition under treatment before it becomes so obvious that it can be a real inconvenience to the patient. I had hoped particularly that this great service would help the whole profession to recognise disease earlier, and I look upon this proposal to put any obstacle in the way of the earliest possible appeal to the doctor as entirely retrograde.
The Minister interrupted my hon. Friend and very rightly pointed out that not a few doctors are inclined to order proprietary medicines when perhaps a cheaper medicine, identical in character but with a different name, would do just as well. I am certain that this is true. The public do not understand how busy the drug houses are in sending round their travellers to doctors. They give liberal samples, and the doctors try these proprietary medicines on one or two of their patients; if they succeed, they go on ordering them, although there is an equivalent in the British Pharmacopoeia which can be prescribed at a quarter of the price. I suggest to the Minister that if he would get busy giving the doctors lists of equivalent drugs and asking them to supply them to their patients, he would save the necessary money and also the good name of this great scheme, as the author of which he will go down to history.

Mr. Solley: I am opposed to this new Clause, because it discriminates in favour of the well-to-do against the poor. The hon. Member for Putney (Mr. Linstead) said that he did not know what the scheme was, and he therefore found difficulty in joining issue with the Government. The scheme is very simple. It consists of an order from the Treasury to the Minister to save £10 million. I venture to suggest that the excuse why this cut has been rendered necessary—the unnecessary resort to doctors and chemists—does not hold water, and, indeed, cannot bear investigation.
When the Prime Minister, on 24th October, announced this cut and gave the excuse which I have just repeated, he spoke before the Chancellor of the Exchequer, but the way in which the Chancellor put it on 26th October was quite different. When one looks at the speech of the Chancellor, it must become quite clear to the most innocent Member of the House that the reason for this cut—and the sole reason for it, whatever the ostensible excuse may be—is that, in the view of the Government, a contribution of some £10 million had to be made to the general scheme of cuts. Let me quote one or two short sentences from the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to establish this point. The right hon. and learned Gentleman said:
We have … decided that short of slashing some major social service, which we do not propose to do, our economies must consist of a large number of relatively small items.
He then itemised these various things, referred to a group of measures which he defined as "further measures," and went on to say:
The further measures required to bring the total savings to the figure we think necessary were given and explained by the Prime Minister but for convenience I will repeat them now without further explanation: the charge for prescriptions under the National Health Service yielding £10 million economies.
Later on he said:
In the nature of things it is not possible to be precise about the date by which these savings will be in full operation."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 26th October, 1949; Vol. 468, c. 1343–6.]
Therefore, whatever may have been in the mind of the Prime Minister, certainly in the mind of the right hon. and

learned Gentleman who is primarily responsible for the national finances there was only one issue, and that was: "How can I save money at the expense of the ordinary person? By proposing a charge of 1s. on prescriptions."
One can take this argument and examine the excuses put forward by the Chancellor for the other cuts which were discussed on 26th October, because they bring into better and clearer perspective the reason for the cut involving this proposed charge for prescriptions. For example, I submit that the excuse put forward for imposing a charge on prescriptions was a type of excuse not available to the Government in relation to the other cuts. Had it been available they would gladly have seized upon it. For instance, in cutting the housing programme from 200,000 this year to 175,000 next year, they could not very well say that local authorities were abusing the housing programme and that too many people were unnecessarily demanding houses. There could be no excuse of that sort. Then, again, on the education cuts they could not say that there was abuse—

Mr. Speaker: We cannot discuss cuts as a whole. This Amendment deals with the proposed charge on prescriptions, and the hon. Member must stick to that.

Mr. Solley: I am much obliged to you, Mr. Speaker, for stopping me if I was going too wide of the Debate. As I said a moment or so ago, I was trying to bring the excuse given for this cut into what I submit is its true perspective, but I will not pursue that, having regard to what you have said.
If the intention of the Government was, as it appears to have been, to save £10 million, one immediately asks oneself this question: "Before putting this extra burden upon the backs of the working class"—who, after all, comprise the greater part of our population—" did it not occur to the Minister of Health to see whether he could save money by taking some of the profits away from the manufacturers of pharmaceutical products and the manufacturers of chemical products?" It might well be that had he been as diligent in his attempts to cut profits as he is in putting a shilling on the bottle, he might have avoided taking that latter course. Again, had he had a word with some of his colleagues in the


Cabinet it may be that instead of slashing £10 million off the Health Service more could have been taken from the Armed Forces, so that not only could this cut have been halved but perhaps the cuts in other social services co'uld have been reduced.
Assuming for the moment that there is some validity in the argument that this cut was not purely a financial one but, as the Prime Minister said, was rendered necessary because of unnecessary resort to doctors and chemists, what is the position? As we have heard from the hon. Member for Barking (Mr. Hastings), who is very experienced in medical matters, the imposition of the 1s. charge will not deter hypochondriacs, who will want their pleasure out of their misery at any price. I do not think there can be any doubt about that. As has been pointed out, it will lead to more difficulties in the early diagnosis of disease. It means, for example, that if a child has a persistent cough, the mother, knowing that she may have to pay 1s. for a prescription, will not take the child to the doctor, yet that child might be suffering from the early stages of tuberculosis, or some disease which could be cured if the mother took the child to the doctor at an early stage.
12.15 p.m.
Certainly the 1s. charge will mean financial hardship to many people. In my constituency there are many workers, on the railways, in cement factories, in oil refineries and elsewhere, who are living barely above the subsistence level, and to their families 1s. is a substantial sum. Those are the very families who are usually most in need of medical attention because of their low level of living. It therefore seems to me that this 1s. charge does not discriminate between those who really need the service and those who abuse it—if there are many who abuse it. As I said at the beginning of my speech, this charge discriminates in favour of the well-to-do against the poor. In the case of those unfortunate people who suffer from chronic diseases such as diabetes, stomach troubles, and pernicious anaemia, it may be that in one or two cases special provision may be made, but, by and large, this proposed charge which we are considering today must necessarily cause very great hardship to chronic patients.
I ask the Government seriously to consider their attitude to this proposal. We must all appreciate that it is quite contrary to our Socialist traditions; and we must surely all appreciate that it is really contrary to the direct promises we gave in the 1945 Election, or at all events the implications contained in our programme. I venture to say that it is not merely sufficient to oppose this proposal with words alone. I hope there will be some hon. Gentlemen whose convictions will take them into the Division Lobby against this proposal, because this is not a small matter. This is a great matter affecting large sections of the population. Indeed, it seems a great pity that when we are debating a matter of this importance there should be only nine hon. Members on the Opposition benches and fewer than 30 on this side of the House. That is a tragic commentary upon what appears to be the complete lack of democratic interest shown by many hon. Members in something which is of fundamental importance to our people.
I know that if a Division takes place—as I hope it will—it will result once again in the Government having their own way on these cuts. But that will not be the final decision. This will have to be fought out outside the House, and the general public will have to make its decision felt at a not very distant time. I attach great importance to this, and I know that when I vote against this proposal I shall be supported in my action at the General Election, when I shall fight on this very issue in my constituency as an Independent Labour candidate. I am sure that my action today will then be greeted in a practical way, and will result in my coming back to this House in the next Parliament.

The Minister of Health (Mr. Aneurin Bevan): It may perhaps be for the convenience of the House if I speak at this stage, because the speeches—and I make no complaint about it—have tended to repeat themselves. Hon. Members are, of course, speaking under difficulties. They are. difficulties that are inherent in the proposal to take powers to do something, when what is intended to be done is not in fact before the House. This is always the case in every Statute where it is found necessary to take power to make regulations of a detailed character. Everybody. I think, who has experience


of this matter will agree that we have found it almost impossible to escape that necessity.
I know that the hon. Member for Northern Dorset (Mr. Byers) has expressed, as I have done on many occasions when sitting on the back benches, deep distrust of conferring on a Minister the power to make regulations which would not be subject to amendment. In the course of this Parliament, we have altered that procedure in one or two instances in order that there might be an instrument of discussion rather less restrictive than merely a discussion on a Prayer to annul a regulation. Therefore, I sympathise wholeheartedly. with those who say: "Here we are giving this power blindly, and we do not know how it is going to be used."
I have been asked a number of questions as to how I propose to use this power. I say frankly that if I could give the answer there is no excuse for my not having had the regulation ready. I do not myself yet know all the answers. Before this can be made into a practical scheme, it will have to be discussed with representatives of chemists and doctors to see how it is to be worked out.
The proposal to have a charge up to 1s. creates no administrative difficulty at all. The administrative difficulties arise out of the necessity of exemption. I am not myself displeased that we have had this discussion this morning. I am not displeased that hon. Members have been brought up against the administrative" difficulties of carrying out principles which many people have so gliby proposed.
We have had, in the course of the last year, a large number of allegedly erudite letters written by professional men and journalists in the daily newspapers advocating charges of various kinds on the National Health Service and pointing out how large sums of money could be saved if these charges were made. All the time they have assumed that there is an economy in transferring, a charge from the State to the individual. That in itself is not an economy at all. I am not suggesting that it is. It is not an economy merely to transfer a charge; a proper economy is a more efficient way of giving the service. I have read some of these letters and communications with

a good deal of quiet pleasure because I knew that the time would come when the legislature would be faced with the working out of some of these principles.
The same problem arises on the next Amendment, although in that case it will be rather easier when we are asked to distinguish between foreigners and our own nationals. We have had that argument raised, and the newspapers supporting the Opposition have been carrying headlines for almost 15 months on this particular matter. When we come to make a distinction and go from the easy realm of abstract principle' to that of practical discriminations, all kinds of administrative problems arise. I can quite see that, in some instances, the cost of administration would exceed the economy, so I am not at variance with a good deal of what has been said this morning.
I want to answer the charge that this proposal was only made in consequence of a demand for economy. If that were the case, how do hon. Members whp have made that charge explain that these are powers only to deal with the pharmaceutical services? If indeed the Government wanted to take power to make a charge to the citizens for use of the Health Service, then we would have general power for making a charge. We have not done that. What we have done is to say that we want to take power to make a charge in respect of the pharmaceutical service alone. Why have we done that? This is a complete answer to the hon. Member for Thurrock (Mr. Solley). It is because our experience has gone to show that it was this very vital part of the service in which the general practitioner was most involved and where the greatest load had fallen, and that the service was inclined in some respect not to give the standard of service we wanted from it. It is quite incorrect to say that it was the purely financial aspect of this matter that weighed most with me when I accepted this tentative proposal. In fact the exaggeration we have had pis morning—

Mr. Piratin: Is it not the case that this proposal came in the first place from the Prime Minister and later from the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and will he, therefore, say whether he advised the Prime Minister to introduce this proposal?

Mr. Bevan: I am bound to say that my hon. Friend is an innocent Parliamentarian if he imagines for a single moment that any Minister is going to stand at this Box and give a detailed description of the internal communications that take place between the members of the Cabinet and himself; he really is more than ingenuous. There is a principle of collective Cabinet responsibility.
What I am saying is that on the face of it the proposal does not bear out the sinister interpretation placed upon it by the hon. Member for Thurrock, because we are in fact confining the power to make regulations to withholding free sales up to a certain amount—not to impose a charge. This is not a power to impose a charge. This is to restrict the free service on the pharmaceutical side up to 1s.

Mr. Solley: Would my right hon. Friend say that the following words of the Prime Minister are not correct:
We propose to make a charge of not more than 1s. for each prescription under the National Health Service."?—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 24th October, 1949; Vol. 468, c. 1021.]

Mr. Bevan: Let us look at the actual facts. It is not the National Health Service that would be making a charge to the patient. It is the National Health Service that would be saying to the patient: "Where a doctor has given you a prescription that costs more than a shilling, the National Health Service will pay the cost above a shilling, but up to the shilling you will pay." We could quite as easily restrict the new service in another direction.
Nor it is true to say, as the right hon. and gallant Member for the Scottish Universities (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) said, that we are putting the National Health Service contributor in a worse position than he has been in since the beginning of the National Health Service Act. That is not true. What is actually happening at the present time is that the National Health Service is giving him a far wider range of services than he had under the National Health Insurance Act; therefore, even if this were imposed, what would be left to the National Health contributor would be a far wider range of service than was ever available before.
What is true is that in certain cases where the National Insurance contributor is having his bottle of medicine free, he will now have to pay up to 1s. for it. All the rest of the service which he gets is infinitely more valuable than that "bob," and he will have a far greater service than before. If he had to choose between the two, ask him which he would prefer.

12.30 p.m.

Mr. Byers: That is not in dispute. The only suggestion I made was that, whereas under the Liberal scheme we could keep the medicine free, under this scheme up to a 1s. will have to be paid. I grant that the scheme is an improvement, but the Minister cannot get away from that point.

Mr. Bevan: I agree, but if the hon. Member asks the subscriber which he prefers, he will see that it is a false argument to say that he is worse off.

Mr. Byers: It is the right hon. Gentleman who is saying, as a result of his action, that a person must choose between the two, and if he is given the choice he will obviously choose the scheme that is now operating.

Mr. Bevan: Therefore, it is a false argument to say that he is worse off. The argument was an attempt to show that the National Health Insurance contributor was in a worse position than before 5th July last year. All I am saying is that what will happen in this case will be a slight withdrawal.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: I do not want to intervene in this interesting discussion between the right hon. Gentleman and his opponent. I merely wish to say that we do not accept the arguments of the right hon. Gentleman, and I do not think he will find they will be generally accepted.

Mr. Bevan: I think the right hon. and gallant Gentleman will find that the ordinary housewife has a little more common sense than he attributes to her. The housewife and the ordinary citizen will know whether they are better off under the National Health Service without our attempting to advise them.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: They have shown it by the 4,000 majority for the Labour candidate at the South Bradford by-election.

Mr. Bevan: I have just made reference to the common sense of the British public.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: Is the hon. Member referring to the great drop in the Labour Party's majority in South Bradford?

Mr. Bevan: It is a poor heart that never rejoices, but I do not want to rub it in at the present time.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: We took 5,000 more votes from the Labour Party this time, and if that happens they will not do very well at the General Election.

Mr. Bevan: We shall see.
We have had the experience, as I said earlier, that it is on this particular side of the service that the greatest burden has fallen. In those circumstances, we had to ask how that burden could be mitigated, and we came to the conclusion that if we could in some way reduce the queues at the surgeries and the unnecessary expenditure at the chemists' shops, it would be a good thing.
It is not correct to say it is only on the side of bottled medicine that some of the abuse has taken place—it is aspirins, bandages and so forth, costing less than a 1s., which in a large number of cases could have been purchased by the patient without having to call on the general practitioner, or without making a second call on a doctor for a prescription. That is where the abuse arises. It is no use my hon. Friends telling me that this is not the case, because this proposal has not, in fact, been received with much indignation, as it is generally accepted that there is an awareness of the abuse which has been taking place.

Mr. Tiffany: Does my right hon. Friend not agree that there has been an abuse on both sides, both by the patient and by the doctor? If so, why should the corrective methods be only on the patient's side.

Mr. Bevan: If my hon. Friend can tell me how to visit it on the doctor, I will gladly consider the position, but we must presume, until it is proved to the contrary, that it is not in the interests of the patient to have too many prescriptions. We cannot go beyond that at the moment. We do know, however, on the purely subjective side, that this proposal would have

met with far greater indignation had there not been this awareness of abuse. We thought, therefore, it would give rise to easement on the general practitioner's side in the early stages of this scheme. I am not suggesting that this ought to be a permanent feature of the National Health Service.
My hon. Friends need not be apprehensive about this matter, because I am as deeply concerned with maintaining the Socialist approach to this service as any one on this side of the House. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, this is put forward only for the purpose of a temporary easement, if it be practicable, and there will then be a residual financial advantage, the extent of which no one knows, because we do not yet know what the exemptions will be. What is practically certain is that the figure of £10 million was based on the assumption that there would be no exemptions, and that any exemptions will reduce that amount, although to what extent no one knows at the moment. All I can say is that the House will have an opportunity of discussing the regulations before they are put into effect.

Mr. Byers: Will the regulations be in a form in which Amendments will be possible?

Mr. Bevan: It is impossible to have the regulations in a form in which Amendments can be made. I want the House to be quite clear about this. These are not the only regulations which are made under a Statute. A whole series of regulations concerning the assistance board have been made, and there is no reason why these regulations should be in a different position from those regulations which are infinitely more important. I see no reason why we should have an extra-Parliamentary procedure for what amounts to a very small aspect indeed of the whole administration.
A lot of exaggeration has gone on that is not revealed in comparison with the figures involved. We are speaking here of a service involving £340 million a year, of which this figure of £10 million is but a small proportion. We must keep our sense of proportion, because we shall then see that what we are considering is not a considerable retreat from the position we have taken up, but merely a mitigation of the burden which has fallen


on the general practitioner service at the present time.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: Does the Minister mean that the regulations will be made under Section 75 (1) of the Act, namely, that they will be in draft form requiring an affirmative Resolution?

Mr. Bevan: No, Sir. They will be regulations requiring the negative Resolution procedure, but that does not affect the situation seriously because I will so arrange the dates that before the regulations are put in operation, an opportunity will be given to the House for a Prayer, so that as far as Parliamentary procedure allows we shall refer the matter back to the House of Commons before any incidence falls on the citizens of the country.
There is already some evidence, as a consequence of the publicity which has been given to this aspect of the service, of a reduction in some cases of the burden on the general practitioners. There is a growing consciousness that people ought not to abuse the service in any particular. I am convinced that, as the service develops, there will be a growing sense of responsibility, and that discipline of this sort will not eventually be necessary in the service as a whole. I hope, therefore, that with those assurances and those explanations the House will permit me to have the powers for which I am now asking.

Mr. Hastings: Before the right hon. Gentleman sits down, may I ask him a question? If what he hopes really comes about; if this suggestion has already resulted in an improvement in the situation and a reduction in the abuses, and. if that means that when he is considering the result in saving it may possibly be unnecessary for him to introduce these regulations, would he give consideration to that?

Mr. Bevan: Certainly; I am giving consideration to it. As I have said, I am not anxious to burden myself with a complicated administrative machine if I can achieve the same results by other means.

Mr. Henry Strauss: There can be nobody, in any section of the House, who is quite happy about the Amendment with which we have to deal. I do not propose to say much about the general proposition put

forward by the hon. Member for Northern Dorset (Mr. Byers). I agree with him generally, and I know that many hon. Members in all parts of the House agree, about the disadvantage of dealing with some of these vital matters by regulation, but that subject is more germane to the general provisions of the principal Act and I do not think we can very usefully discuss it at any length this morning.
Let me say at once that, though I have differed on most political questions from the hon. Member for Barking (Mr. Hastings), when he talks on a subject on which he speaks with experience—as he does in this case—I always listen to him, as I do to many of his medical colleagues, with the greatest attention and respect. I did so in Committee when the principal Act was going through. Perhaps it is not inappropriate that I should make a few remarks today because I number a great many medical men among my constituents.
The most questionable and astounding thing which the Minister said in his speech was his statement that this was a tentative proposal. I cannot imagine why he says this is a tentative proposal. Quotations have already been made from the speeches made by the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer when this matter was first mentioned. In those speeches it was announced as a matter of Cabinet decision and Cabinet policy; the matter is by no means tentative.

Mr. Bevan: As the £10 million is subject to statements about exemptions, then obviously the £10 million must be tentative.

Mr. Strauss: If the right hon. Gentleman means merely that the figure—

Mr. Bevan: Certainly.

Mr. Strauss: —is now no longer accurate or may not be accurate, then I will not press the point further.

Mr. Bevan: The statement at the time indicated that there would be the possibility of exemptions.

Mr. Strauss: I quite agree, but I do not think that that is in favour of the Minister: I think that is in favour of the criticisms which are being offered this morning. A very definite decision was announced by the Prime Minister and the


Chancellor of the Exchequer and we now know that exemptions were already contemplated at that time. I suggest to the House—and this cannot be very controversial—that a good deal must have been known about what was contemplated, by the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time they put this proposal forward and named a figure, and. if that is the case. I cannot imagine why the right hon. Gentleman cannot give us more particulars this morning.
I quite agree that an opportunity for debate may arise when the regulations are made, but I should have thought that that very detailed statement of policy by two of the right hon. Gentleman's colleagues did entitle this House to expect that, when we were asked to deal with this Amendment, some particulars of how it was going to work would be put before us. The fact that there is difficulty in any possible scheme has been stated in various quarters of the House, and not least by the two medical gentlemen who have given to the House this morning the benefit of their experience.
12.45 p.m.
The right hon. Gentleman said it was false to say that insured persons were placed in a worse position than before, but surely that is wrong. Some people may, indeed, be placed in a better position as a result of the Act, but some may be placed in a worse position; for a great number of years insured persons have been enabled to obtain their medicine without paying for it. I sometimes think that when hon. Members and right hon. Members opposite say, about various things, "It must never happen again," they should think of their own reforms in the law now suggested and consider that, for many years at any rate, "It did not happen before."
The workability of these proposals depends a great deal on the answer to the numerous questions which have been put from both sides of the House and to which we have had no answer whatever from the right hon. Gentleman. I do not know why the House should not be treated to rather more information. I agree entirely with what was said by one hon. Member, and indeed with what was

implicit in the speech of the right hon. Gentleman himself, that it is far better that economy should be exercised than that the Health Service itself should be endangered and, in so far as this Amendment is intended to check abuses, I cannot think that in any part of the House there would be an objection to it. We are, however, entitled to know how it is proposed to carry out the proposals.
I cannot think that the right hon. Gentleman's colleagues can have been so irresponsible as to give an estimate of the saving that this would involve—and the Minister now tells us that they had in mind the fact that exemptions would be made—unless there were some particulars known and decided by the Cabinet, even in October, of what would be contained in these regulations. If there is any such decision, it has been kept entirely dark. The House has no idea whatsoever what these regulations will contain and I do not believe that that is the way in which this House should have been treated. Some detailed questions were put by my right hon. and gallant Friend the Member for the Scottish Universities (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot). Some of those questions have been repeated, I think, by the hon. Member for Barking and some, I think, by the hon. Member for South-East St. Pancras (Dr. Jeger). I cannot think why we should not have an answer to them. It is very difficult to judge the proposals in complete ignorance of what the regulations are to be. I think the Government are in this dilemma: either they have some idea, in which case they ought to have told us, or they have no idea, in which case the speeches of the colleagues of the right hon. Gentleman were irresponsible.

Mr. Pritt: Perhaps I may say a few words on the subject for, as I listened to the Minister, at the time he almost seemed to say that he was actually giving the people £10 million instead of taking it away from them. I recall what people so often say if a lawyer makes a speech like that. They say, "He is only a clever lawyer." If a layman makes a speech like that they say, "What a success he would have made at the Bar." I do not suppose the right hon. Gentleman would like me to say that he would have made a success at the Bar, and, having listened to his speech, quite frankly I do not think he


would. I think he would have been a failure, because it was altogether too un-plausible for anything. He went into an elaborate argument with the Libera] Party, which has now left the Chamber, and one or two other Members about whether the position was better than before. Really if a solicitor's clerk had to face that question on a summons he would know better. Of course, it is far better than it was before July, 1948. It is far better than it was when the Liberals first introduced it, although we must be historically fair and say that in 1911 the Liberals did a magnificent job within the limits of that time. The point is—and no lawyer, not even an unscrupulous one, could get away from it—that it is worse by approximately £10 million, which is to come out of the pockets of people who need doctoring, than it was before the cut was imposed.
The next thing in which I thought the right hon. Gentleman was really too ingenious for anything was in dissociating the whole of this Amendment almost entirely from any notion that there has been a financial crisis or a devaluation or a cut. I cannot understand, on that footing, how it was that the Prime Minister announced this. I should have thought that it ought to have been the Minister of Health, because, as far as I can gather, it has got nothing to do with saving money. It is only a coincidence that these medical abuses were, according to the right hon. Gentleman, discovered about the same time that we had one of the crises of the capitalist system. I do not think anybody will believe the right hon. Gentleman on that point. I do not believe that anybody will agree that the whole or main motive for this serious inroad on medical treatment in the country—on which I am not going to dilate be-cause others who know far more about it than I do, have spoken and have spoken very well—was a question of abuses. I do not think anybody would have heard of these cuts of the right hon. Gentleman, if it had not been for the financial motive.
Of course, having now to defend it, the right hon. Gentleman discovers that there are quite substantial abuses. I do not agree. It would have been astonishing if somewhere, here and there, somebody, having for years never got anything for nothing, had not tried to get some-

thing for nothing. It is my own limited experience—and I gather that medical experience is much the same—that any abuse has been absolutely negligible and that the real benefit of people having the possibility of getting early treatment, saving many times £10 million in the long run, apart from human health and happiness, immensely outweighs any sort or kind of abuse. If there had been any serious abuse, surely anyone so vigilant as the right hon. Gentleman would have introduced this Amendment long before there was a crisis.
I want to say a word in defence of the right hon. Gentleman, if he does not mind, and even if he does mind, on the question of the power to pass regulations. I think I go perhaps further than most Members on this side of the House not merely in accepting the necessity for legislation by regulation, but in not believing that there is any real abuse or danger in it. I also do not mind the fact that we are asked to give the regulating power here, although what the Minister really wants to do with that power is not at present more than half-baked. I understand the difficulties, and I make no complaint whatever, but I do assert that this particular Amendment should be resisted on the question of principle. However much or however little use the Minister wants to make of this regulating power, it is a blunt question of principle of whether we should go back on this very important item in the great reforms in medical treatment for the working classes, by imposing a very serious barrier on their proper treatment. It is of that principle I propose to speak. The difficulties of regulating powers and so on have not much to do with that.
I was a little amused to discover that the Minister objected to the phrase "making a charge." He said "Oh, no, it is not making a charge at all. We are practically giving the people something. We are letting them off everything on the cost of prescriptions except for one shilling" In those circumstances, I hope the Minister will vote against the Amendment, because I have discovered in the Amendment the sinister words:
Regulations may provide for the making and recovery …, of … charges.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: The main criticism of the Government's proposal


has been on what the details may prove to be when the regulations are in due course put before the House. I think it would be proper if we withheld our criticisms, which can only be of a hypothetical nature, until we see the regulations. But there is still quite a lot to be said about the general principle involved in this proposed new Clause. For my part, I fully accept the Minister's statement that this Clause was not introduced solely as one of the so-called cuts. Indeed, I think it is true to say that we on this side of the House, long before the cuts, had drawn the right hon. Gentleman's attention to the fact that there were abuses going on, and had suggested to the best of our ability that it was time he looked into them with a view to taking some kind of action both in this connection and in certain other connections, which it would now be out of Order to mention, related to the Health Service.
I think it is relevant here to refer to the precise passage of the Prime Minister's statement made in the House on 24th October last, in which this particular proposal was first announced.

Mr. Tiffany: If it is true that this Amendment is mainly to deal with the question of abuse, does the hon. Member agree that the exemptions which are to be made should receive his support, and if so is it not also true that the only abuses are by the younger people and not by old people or pensioners?

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: The hon. Member is doing exactly what it is impossible for anyone in this House to do this morning—to discuss an entirely hypothetical scheme. We have no idea at all what the Government intend to do, and until we see their proposals how can we possibly criticise them one way or the other? The question here is whether or not we are going to give the Government power by regulation to do something in this connection. It is important, therefore, to see what is the general purpose which is intended.
While speaking of this matter I think it is right to tell the hon. Member that even though I agree that the sole purpose for introducing this measure is not to effect an economy, I entirely disagree with his statement that it is not the main

purpose. If it had not been necessary to make economies we should never have been discussing this Amendment this morning.

Mr. Sparks: Is not the hon. Gentleman aware that the Report of the Estimates Committee on this matter made certain recommendations even before the Prime Minister's statement?

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: I quite agree with the hon. Member. In fact, he and I are members of the Estimates Committee and are very well acquainted with the Report in question. I conceded that point in my opening remarks.
The real reason for the introduction of this proposed new Clause is the announcement which was made by the Prime Minister on 24th October last. He said:
The total of these items still falls well short of what we consider necessary. We therefore intend to take certain further measures. We propose to make a charge of not more than 1s. for each prescription under the National Health Service. The purpose is to reduce excessive and, in some cases, unnecessary resort to doctors and chemists, of which there is evidence which has for some time troubled my right hon. Friends the Minister of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland The resultant saving will contribute about £10 million, although this is not the primary purpose of the charge. Arrangements will be made to relieve old age pensioners of this charge for prescriptions."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 24th October, 1949; Vol. 468, c. 1021.]
If I read those words in the way I think they were read by everyone who heard them in this House and read them in the country, the effect is that the actual saving intended is to be £10 million or thereabouts, and that is after taking into account the amount lost through the proposed exemptions. If those words do not mean that, I can only say that they were dishonest words intended to mislead this House; and I do not believe they were.

1.0 p.m.

Mr. Bevan: The Prime Minister used the words "approximately £10 million." We do not know, neither does anybody else, and it can only be known retrospectively, how much the exemption of old age pensioners would reduce the amount of £10 million. That is because nobody knows until after they have done it how much these people use the pharmaceutical services.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: I quite appreciate that the precise estimate of the amount could not possibly be calculated to within £100,000 or so, but the effect of the statement of the Prime Minister is that, after taking into account such estimate as we can make of the losses through the exemptions, the sum to be saved will be' of the order of £10 million, and that is exactly what has been denied by the right hon. Gentleman from that Box this morning. The only deduction I can make is that the right hon. Gentleman is now trying—I do not put this offensively—to wriggle out of a commitment which was forced upon the Government at the time of the cuts earlier this year.

Mr. Bevan: Does the hon. Gentleman deny that my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister on two occasions in that short passage said that the purpose of the charge was to reduce abuse? Does he further deny that he would like to see exemptions, or would he wish to see all the exemptions abolished in order to get the full £10 million?

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: I have rarely seen the right hon. Gentleman let loose two red herrings at the same time. Of course not. I do not deny either. The point I am making is that the Prime Minister assured the country that there would be a cut of about £10 million on the services, and now the right hon. Gentleman this morning has put a completely different picture before the House. The words he used in the course of his speech have shown quite clearly that he is no supporter of the Prime Minister in his policy of retrenchment.

Mr. Bevan: The hon. Member is up to his usual game of smiling and smiling and remaining a villain still. What we will want to know from him, and what he does not give us, is the answer to this question: does he wish to co-operate with me in making reasonable exemptions, or does he wish to keep to the strict letter of £10 million?

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: I have rarely found the right hon. Gentleman in so great a difficulty that he has to invite the services of the Opposition, and of myself in particular, in order to help him out. That is the position he is in. The point is that we are dealing with a proposal to make a saving of £10 million.

Mr. Bevan: On a point of Order, Sir, we are doing no such thing, and in my respectful submission the hon. Member has been out of Order in three parts of his speech. Cuts are not really in question, and Mr. Speaker said so. All that is before the House this morning is the question of power conferred upon the Minister of Health to make regulations which may do what the Amendment says may be done.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: Mr. Deputy-Speaker, I will immediately resume my seat when you call me to Order, but I do not think it is for the right hon. Gentleman to attempt to divert attention from the real issue before the House by attempting to put points of Order in this way. The fact of the matter is that when we asked the right hon. Gentleman what is intended by this new Clause, he said quite candidly, because he had no other course to take, "I do not know the answer." That is not a satisfactory position for the House to find itself in when debating whether or not to add such a Clause as this to the Bill.
Then the right hon. Gentleman—speaking, according to his own view, entirely out of Order—rebutted altogether the suggestion that this Clause had anything to do with the cuts, and spoke of the proposal as a temporary easement for the general practitioner, and went on to add in parenthesis "If it becomes practicable." In other words, it appears that the right hon. Gentleman is doubtful whether this Clause will ever become effective. That is the most extraordinary position for the House to find itself in. We believe that the kind of policy indicated by this Clause is the right kind of policy to pursue at the present juncture of our financial affairs and having regard to the needs of the health scheme, but we are in great difficulty in knowing what is the proper attitude to the right hon. Gentleman when he comes forward with proposals about which he says quite candidly that he does not know the answers.
This is a somewhat dishonest procedure being followed by the Government. We started with a firm promise that this proposal would save the country a sum of £10 million. It then appeared that this sum would not become fully effective immediately but must await first, legislation and then regulations. It is


quite clear, however, that the Government still intended the country to believe that the saving would be made reasonably early. I think, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, that I am in Order in quoting the statement of a responsible Minister in another place. Lord Shepherd was asked specifically at what date it was intended to bring in these cuts, and he stated:
A certain amount of it will be in this year, but we shall get the full fruits in a full year.
It would be interesting to know what the right hon. Gentleman understands by "the full fruits." having regard to his statement this morning, but, letting that pass for the moment, it is clear that when this Clause was being discussed in another place it was fully intended that there should be some substantial saving during the current financial year. I press the Govrenment to make a much more specific statement about when they intend to introduce what is proposed under this Clause. If we get no more than we have had today so far, it will be open for the Opposition to say that here is a case where the Government are paying nothing but lip service to the cuts and, because they know they will be unpopular, they are deliberately putting them off until after the General Election.
When we come to decide how to vote on this proposal, the advice I would give to any of my hon. Friends who sought it would be that we ought to support the Clause because the principle involved is the right one, and because the details, when they come to be laid before the House, can be debated. The right hon. Gentleman has given a guarantee that he will lay the proposals before the House before they become effective. Our rights in that respect, therefore, are reserved. In these circumstances I shall support the Motion and I only hope that the policy will be made effective at a reasonably early date.

Dr. Segal: I hardly think that the speech which we have just heard calls for any reply. To my mind, by far the most important part of the Minister's statement was his hint that this proposed charge may be only temporary. He also stated that the announcement of the charge has already had some effect in reducing the number of prescriptions. If this tendency has, in fact, already begun

to show itself, why not defer the charge for a while longer? If the suggested charge can have the effect of steadily inducing a reduction in the number of prescriptions, not only will it save the whole of its administrative costs, but after a period of a few months it may actually save an even larger amount than the £10 million which is envisaged. If the present number of 187 million prescriptions per year could be reduced, allowing for all seasonal variations, by a matter of, say, 15 per cent. within the next six months—and, if this process is continuous, possibly a reduction of 30 per cent. may show itself at the end of 12 months—surely all the need for the imposition of this charge will have vanished.
I ask the Minister especially to bear in mind that what we are up against is not so much an abuse of the facilities granted under the Bill. What it sets out to do in many cases is to change the habits of hundreds of thousands of people who depend to some extent, either psychologically or medicinally, upon the benefit of having a bottle of medicine. I ask him, therefore, if it is not at all possible to delay in the inception of this charge a little while longer.
It may be quite conceivable that my right hon. Friend's successor—the devil whom as yet we do not know—should be given a full chance to reconsider the whole matter. I feel that after a lapse of time we shall find a drop in the prescription rate from the present figure of 187 million to somewhere in the neighbourhood of 150 million, or even 120 million, so that the whole need for this charge of 1s. a bottle, or whatever else the final decision may be, may be totally unnecessary. I ask the Minister to defer the inception of the charge until he has full time to consider its implications; and perhaps within the very near future the time may come when he may be able to justify to the country that it is no longer necessary.

Mr. Piratin: The Minister today seeks to justify the Lords Amendment on the ground that there has been abuse. In fact, on 24th November he was asked a Question in reply to which he said:
There is evidence of unnecessary resort to doctors and chemists which the proposed charge is intended to reduce."—[OFFICIAL REPORT. 24th November, 1949; Vol. 470, c. 505.]


I therefore asked him a Question yesterday, which was answered in writing:
whether he will publish evidence in his possession disclosing unnecessary resorting to doctors and chemists.
The Parliamentary Secretary answered:
No."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 8th December, 1949; Vol. 470, c. 174.]
It would be very useful if the House could have such evidence in some form or other, for the Minister is basing the main case precisely on this point. In fact, he has attempted, as the hon. and learned Member for North Hammersmith (Mr. Pritt) has shown, to dissociate himself from the origin of the statement which gave rise to the Amendment—namely, that made by the Prime Minister on 24th October, which was directly in relation to the proposed economy cuts, and the similar statement which followed from the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Therefore, if the Minister is attempting to dissociate himself in that respect, ought not the House to have evidence?
1.15 p.m.
We have this morning heard several medical Members of the House, one of whom, as many of us know, is in actual practice as a general practitioner; he practises in a working-class area in Shore-ditch and, I believe, has another practice also. The hon. Member said that he has no evidence of this abuse. Another hon. Gentleman who spoke is a man with very long experience in the medical profession and one whom we all respect. He, similarly, made the very important statement that all the doctors he has questioned on this matter—he holds a position in the Socialist Medical Association—

Mr. Solley: He is the president.

Mr. Piratin: Of all the doctors he has questioned about this, the hon. Member finds that more than half say that there is abuse. He went on to add that most of those who say there is abuse, are of the kind who have constantly objected to the Act in any case. That is the kind of evidence we have had. Another medical member also has spoken, and although he produced no evidence he has nevertheless pleaded against the immediate introduction of the Amendment. The House is justified therefore, in seeking evidence to show that abuse exists. In fact, there is no one who can give the evidence.

Mr. Sparks: If the hon. Members reads the report of the Estimates Committee on the administration of the National Health Service, he will find ample evidence.

Mr. Piratin: I have read that report. Anyone who reads it must ask this question: Who is giving the evidence? If the doctor gives the evidence, he is casting a slur on himself. The patient cannot give the evidence, for either the patient seriously believes that he needs the medicament or he is abusing and certainly will not give evidence to that effect. Even in those cases, as the hon. Member for Barking (Mr. Hastings) said, he is more likely than not to be a neurotic and does not even know that he is abusing in that sense. Therefore, from whom are we to get this evidence? In fact, there is no evidence which any court or any inquiry could really accept.
What the Minister must admit is that, granted there would be cases of abuse—as the hon. Member for Barking said, this is likely—he is making the innocent suffer for the guilty. No exemptions which he can possibly introduce and which he mentioned in his speech can be such that the innocent do not pay for the guilty. The Minister can only exempt certain categories either of obvious serious illness or of certain classes towards which there is special sympathy, such as the old folk, ex-Service men and so on. The right hon. Gentleman went on to say that recently there has been evidence to show that there has been less demand as a result of the announcement. That may be so, but he is not suggesting that this lesser demand arises from the fact that the abusers are no longer abusing; it may be that the lesser demand arises because of the kinds of cases referred to by the hon. Members for South-East St. Pancras (Dr. Jeger) and Barking, who speak with experience—namely, that people who require to go to doctors are refraining from doing so and that, therefore, this is merely leading up to much more serious illness later.

Mr. Bevan: This would assume, as the language of the hon. and learned Member for North Hammersmith (Mr. Pritt) would assume, that the charge is imposed now. The charge is not imposed now.

Mr. Piratin: No, the Minister was trying to show that there was some abuse


and made the point, which the House will accept, as no doubt he has the figures about it, that there is evidence to show that there was a less demand in the last few weeks, which he believes is related to the announcement of the Prime Minister a few months ago. I think he will agree that that was the tenor of his argument.

Mr. Bevan: Really we are having a great deal of repetition of the same arguments this morning. I said that in consequence of the publicity given to this matter, not only of the announcement in the House of Commons but by Press interviews and what not, there has been a marked fall in certain areas in the demands on the chemists and general practitioners. It cannot be as a consequence of the imposition of a charge, because no charge has been made.

Mr. Piratin: Evidently the Minister did not hear me, as that is exactly what I said. I said that arising from the statement of the Prime Minister and the Chancellor's statement in October and the publicity, there has been less demand and I accept that there has been less demand. But has the Minister got proof, and is he satisfied, that this lesser demand arises from the fact that the abusers have stopped abusing, or may it come from the fact that some people are hesitant now in going to doctors because they are afraid they may land themselves into some kind of prescription which may later on incur a charge and the public are not sure when it may be made? We have not had a hint of the time.
I was a member of the Standing Committee which discussed this matter three years ago. We were all very pleased with most of the points in the Bill. One of the points the Minister made on the Second Reading on 30th April, 1946, was:
it has been the firm conclusion of all parties that money ought not to be permitted to stand in the way of obtaining an efficient Health Service.
A few lines later he said:
It is cardinal to a proper health organisation that a person ought not to be financially deterred from seeking medical assistance at the earliest possible stage."—[OFFICIAL REPORT. 30th April, 1946; Vol. 422, c. 43.]
That was the particular point to which the hon. Member for Barking referred several times in the course of his very

important speech this morning, that no patient should be deterred because of incurring a financial charge, but now the Minister proposes that the patient should incur this charge. It is clear that there is widespread opposition, for what the Minister said in April, 1946, was true—that was the view of all parties and all enlightened persons; and now this charge, however small it may be in relation to the overall expenditure of more than £300 million on health, is a step away from the principle that he laid down rightly and wisely three and a half years ago. It is, therefore, no surprise now to see a united front between the British Medical Association and the Socialist Medical Association. It is no surprise because that was the principle to which everyone agreed.
This morning the Minister showed his attitude when he replied to one half of the Debate in the course of which he appeared to be so conciliatory. I feel hon. Members should not accept so easily what the Minister said, however much he may intend, or would like to intend, that the proposed charge should be a temporary charge. The hon. Member for Preston (Dr. Segal) made reference to this. I believe the Minister would like it to be a temporary charge and I believe frankly, that the Government would like it to be a temporary charge, but as other circumstances are pushing the Government in certain directions, this may not only become more than a temporary charge, but other charges may yet be introduced.
I ask the Minister to note particularly what the hon. Member for Putney (Mr. Linstead) said this morning when he almost anticipated this as a precedent for other charges. In fact, that is the line which many of the Tories have been plugging for a long time. While the Minister rightly said that in this Amendment he is confined to pharmaceutical matters, there will be pressure from the other side of the House and by economic circumstances for this to be extended.
The reason, in fact, is not abuse, whatever evidence the Minister may have of that and whatever evidence the Estimates Committee may have presented on that. The main reason is that which was given by the Chancellor and the Prime Minister—an economic one. In this connection, several hon. Members have asked Questions of the Minister in the last few weeks


about taking steps in connection with the drug industry and reducing the charges for medicaments. May I draw his attention to some of the profits that are made, because if we are to discuss the question in all its aspects of whether there is need for this Amendment to be introduced and whether the money can be. saved in some other way than by imposing burdens on patients, these are matters which we cannot overlook.
I have a list of about a dozen cases, but I will give only two or three in order not to burden the House unduly. The names are popular household names. Glaxo Laboratories who, among other things, produce penicillin, made a profit in 1948 of £1,641,000 and a net profit of £660,000. In 1949 it was £2,605,000 and a net profit of £930,000. As the directors are very good, patriotic citizens, this firm obeyed the requests of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and did not increase their dividends. In 1948 they distributed 125 per cent. and so they confined them in 1949 to 125 per cent. If there was a case for saving expenditure, then the Government could save expenditure if they sought to cut down the prices these firms are charging, for these profits show there is plenty of scope for their prices to be cut.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Mr. Bowles): I think the hon. Member is just in Order now, but he must not give further examples. He has shown where the charge could be laid but must content himself with that.

Mr. Piratin: I am glad Sir that you think that is a very good case, and I rest myself on it. Let me give an example of price fixing. The Minister said that there is a Committee dealing with this matter, and we hope to hear more about it. I will give an example of price fixing and the way in which the racket works. Here is the case of "Dexadrine"—

Mr. Bevan: Whether the Amendment is withdrawn, defeated, or accepted would not affect the situation one bit.

Mr. Piratin: Further to that point of Order, if it was a point of Order, may I point out that I am trying to show that this Amendment, which seeks to give the Minister power to impose a charge, on patients, seeks to do so on more than one ground—not only the ground of abuse,

but the economic ground. I have made some points on the question of abuse and am trying to show that even on the economic ground there are other ways of saving the money than this, and I hope to show that there is no need for the Minister to make this charge. If I may proceed, Mr. Deputy-Speaker—

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: If the hon. Member understands that he cannot go into questions like whether Glaxo are patriotic or not, and whether they haw limited their dividends in accordance with the Chancellor's request, which would be going into too much detail, he may proceed.

1.30 p.m.

Mr. Piratin: Thank you very much. Let me give this example. "Dexadrine," which I understand is a very useful drug, was first introduced by Menley and James under the trade mark "Dexadrine" at 126s. per thousand. The same tablets were shortly afterwards marketed under their scientific name by Ward Blenkinsop—no relation, I trust, of the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health—at 31s. per thousand. Within the last few weeks, according to my information, Boots have marketed the same preparation at 8s. 6d. per thousand—one-fifteenth of their original price.
I will give an example in connection with price fixing to show what could have been done in this sphere if the Minister had put his foot down, as he could have done four years ago, thus saving plenty of money for the Exchequer. Procaine-penicillin, a very important drug, was first sold on the market in this country by I.C. (Pharmaceuticals) at 44s.' a phial. A few weeks later it was sold by Glaxo Laboratories at 32s. As a result of negotiations between the firms interested and Allen & Hanburys, the price was ultimately fixed at 36s. There is an example of what under capitalism would be called useful competition, one firm undercutting another, followed however by a combination of the competitors, a cartel, who decided on a figure of 36s.—4s. above the price of the most efficient manufacturer.
If the Chancellor wishes to save money, and the Minister of Health, in asking the House to agree to this Lords Amendment today, acknowledges that part of


the reason for the Lords Amendment is the economic position, there is plenty of scope on the part of the Exchequer for cutting down expenditure. These are some of the grounds which I seek to place before the House. I hope that on these grounds, in addition to the very good points put forward earlier, the Minister will not press this Lords Amendment; otherwise I trust that many hon. Members will vote against it.

Mr. Tiffany: There has been a little confusion in this matter on the part of the Minister and other people who have spoken on this subject. I can see the necessity for regulations in respect of one of the two cases that have been mentioned. Because of that I shall support the Minister's request in this matter but I would ask the Minister himself to be quite clear about the reason for these regulations because the reason will obviously dictate the content of the regulations. The first reason given was the necessity for economy. It has been debated a little this morning that that fact is not the case at the present time, but the fact remains that that was the first reason given for the necessity to introduce regulations. That is borne out by the fact that if economy is needed in this service then exemptions from the measures to be taken should be given to certain classes of people—those least able to bear any charge which might have to be made as a result of the regulations.

I do not disagree with that argument; I think it is perfectly valid and acceptable. But we now have another reason given for the necessity for regulations. That reason was given as abuse. If we are to deal with abuse it will have to be dealt with in regulations in a manner different from that which would be adopted if we were dealing with the matter from point of view of economy. I think that the Minister thoroughly realises that. I wish briefly to postulate those two points to him. Regulations are necessary for either one or the other of these reasons, and if regulations are necessary, and I am accepting the fact that they are, the regulations will obviously differ in accordance with which is the reason for the regulations being drawn up.

I ask the Minister to recognise this factor when he is drawing up his regulations because abuse is not particularised in any one class or age of people, whether middle-class people or old people, but if regulations are drawn up for reasons for economy exemptions will obviously be necessary on the grounds which the Minister indicated. I hope that he will bear that point in mind because one of his strong points in this matter is his logic.

Question put, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said Amendment."

The House divided: Ayes, 138; Noes, 9. [Special Entry.]

Division No. 301.]
AYES
[1.37 p.m.


Adams, Richard (Balham)
Chetwynd, G. R
Hynd, J. B. (Attercliffe)


Albu, A. H.
Collindridge, F.
Irving, W. J. (Tottenham, N.)


Allen, Scholefield (Crewe)
Cove, W. G
Isaacs, Rt. Hon. G. A.


Austin, H. Lewis
Daines, P.
Jenkins, R. H.


Ayrton Gould, Mrs. B
Davies, Haydn (St. Pancras, S.W.)
Jones, Rt. Hon. A. C. (Shipley)


Baldwin, A. E.
de Freitas, Geoffrey
Jones, D. T. (Hartlepool)


Balfour, A.
Dobbie, W.
Jones, Elwyn (Plaistow)


Bechervaise, A. E.
Ede, Rt. Hon. J. C
Keeling, E. H.


Bellenger, Rt. Hon. F J
Edwards, John (Blackburn)
Key, Rt. Hon. C. W.


Bennett, Sir P.
Elliot, Lieut.-Col. Rt. Hon. Walter
King, E. M.


Beswick, F.
Erroll, F. J.
Kinghorn, Sqn.-Ldr. E.


Bevan, Rt. Hon. A. (Ebbw Vale)
Evans, Albert (Islington, W.)
Kirby, B. V.


Bing, G. H. C.
Follick, M.
Law, Rt. Hon. R. K.


Binns, J.
Foster, J. G. (Northwich)
Lee, Miss J. (Cannock)


Blenkinsop, A.
Freeman, J. (Watford)
Lindgren, G. S.


Bottomley, A. G.
Gaitskell, Rt. Hon. H. T. N.
Lipton, Lt.-Col. M.


Bowden, H. W.
Ganley, Mrs. C. S.
Lucas-Tooth, Sir H.


Braddock, T. (Mitcham)
Greenwood, Rt, Hon. A. (Wakefield)
McAdam, W.


Bramall, E. A.
Griffiths, Rt. Hon. J. (Llanelly)
McCorquodale, Rt. Hon. M. S


Broughton, Dr. A. D. D
Guy, W. H
MacDonald, Sir M. (Inverness)


Bruce, Maj. D. W. T.
Hall, Rt. Hon. Glenvil
Macdonald, Sir P. (I. of Wight)


Burden, T. W.
Hewitson, Capt. M.
McEntee, V. La T.


Callaghan, James
Hobson, C. [...].
McGhee, H. G.


Carson, E.
Holman, P.
McKay, J. (Wallsend)


Channon, H.
Hudson, J. H. (Ealing, W.)
Mackeson, Brig. H. R.


Chater, D.
Hynd, H. (Hackney, C.)
Manning, Mrs. L. (Epping)




Marquand, Rt. Hon. H. A.
Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)
Symonds, A. L.


Mayhew, C. P.
Rogers, G. H. R.
Thomas, John R. (Dover)


Mikardo, Ian
Ross, Sir R. D. (Londonderry)
Tiffany, S.


Mitchison, G R
Royle, C.
Tomlinson, Rt. Hon. G.


Morley, R.
Savory, Prof. D. L.
Vernon, Maj. W. F.


Nally, W.
Segal, Dr. S.
Viant, S. P.


Nichol, Mrs. M. E. (Bradford, N.)
Shawcross, Rt. Hon. Sir H. (St. Helens)
Wakefield, Sir W. W.


Nicholls, H. R. (Stratford)
Silkin, Rt. Hon. L.
Wallace, H. W. (Walthamstow, E.)


Noel-Baker, Capt. F. E. (Brentford)
Skeffington-Lodge, T. C
Weitzman, D.


Noel-Baker, Rt. Hon. P J. (Derby)
Skinnard, F. W.
Wheatley, Colonel M. J. (Dorset, E.)


Noel-Buxton, Lady
Smith, C. (Colchester)
Whiteley, Rt. Hon. W.


Paget, R. T
Smith, H. N. (Nottingham, S.)
Willey, F. T. (Sunderland)


Palmer, A. M. F.
Smithers, Sir W.
Willey, O. G. (Cleveland)


Pannell, T. C.
Snow, J. W.
Williams, D. J. (Neath)


Pargiter, G. A.
Sorensen, R. W.
Williams, W. R. (Heston)


Parker, J.
Sparks, J. A.
Winterton, Rt. Hon. Earl


Parkin, B. T.
Steele, T.
Woodburn, Rt. Hon. A.


Proctor, W. T.
Stewart, Michael (Fulham, E.)
Woods, G. S.


Ranger, J.
Stubbs, A. E.



Rees-Williams, D. R.
Summerskill, Rt. Hon. Edith
TELLERS FOR THE AYES:


Reid, T. (Swindon)
Sutcliffe, H.
Mr. Pearson and Mr. G. Wallace.




NOES


Ayles, W. H.
Granville, E. (Eye)
Roberts, W. (Cumberland, N.)


Byers, Frank
Hutchinson, H. L. (Rusholme)



Davies, Rt. Hn. Clement (Montgomery)
Pritt, D. N.
TELLERS FOR THE NOES:


George, Lady M. Lloyd (Anglesey)
Reed, Sir S. (Aylesbury)
Mr. Piratin and Mr. Solley.


Question put, and agreed to.

Lords Amendment: In page 11, line 15, after the Amendment last inserted, insert new Clause "C"(Recovery of charges from persons resident outside Great Britain).
C.—(1) The powers of the Minister to make regulations under the Act of 1946 shall, notwithstanding anything in section one of that Act, include power to make regulations providing for the making and recovery, in such manner as may be prescribed, of such charges, in respect of such services provided under the Act of 1946, as may be prescribed, being services provided in respect of such persons not ordinarily resident in Great Britain as may be prescribed; and such regulations may provide that the charges are only to be made in such cases as may be determined in accordance with the regulations.
(2) This section shall apply to Scotland with the substitution for the reference to the Minister of a reference to the Secretary of State and for the reference to the Act of 1946 of a reference to the Act of 1947.

Mr. Blenkinsop: I beg to move, "That this House doth agree with the Lords in the said Amendment."
This Amendment carries out the undertaking given on the Report stage of the discussions on this Bill, in that it gives power to my right hon. Friend to make regulations for the making and recovery of charges for any use which may be made of the National Health Service by persons not ordinarily resident in Great Britain. I should make it quite clear that my right hon. Friend, as he mentioned at the time when this was considered on the Report stage, has no intention of any

general and wholesale exclusion of foreign visitors from the benefits of the scheme in any regulations that he might lay before the House. Rather he would seek to try to secure the ending of any abuses by any persons who might conceivably come to this country especially and entirely for the purpose of securing free treatment of one kind or anpther. But we have always made it clear that in fact there is very little evidence of abuses of this sort, and that the statements about it which have been given a good deal of publicity, when we have examined them, have had very little basis at all.
Subsection (1) of this Clause provides that regulations made under the Clause shall specify to what services the charges will apply and what the charges are to be. The regulations also will lay down to what class of persons not ordinarily resident in Great Britain the charges will apply. Again we do not want this necessarily to apply to everyone. Owing to the difficulties which undoubtedly will be met in framing the regulations, and so that they will not prove too rigid in their application, it is provided that the charges shall be made only in cases where the Minister so determines.
With those provisos we seek power to make regulations that will check any abuses there may be, but at the same time we are most anxious to avoid regulations which will cause a great deal of concern and difficulty throughout the Service, both to those normally resident and those who we feel have the natural


rights of hospitality and reasonable treatment and service should they fall ill when they come to this country.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: This Amendment, like the others, follows a familiar course. First the Opposition bring forward certain suggestions. Then the Government say they are impossible. Then the supporters of the Government, rashly believing that the Government mean what they say, deliver a number of sentimental speeches on the subject. Later on the Government say that the thing will be done, and introduce regulations. It is also true to say that the Minister has followed common form—

1.45 p.m.

Mr. Blenkinsop: The right hon. and gallant Gentleman said that the Government introduced regulations. We are only seeking the power, as he will agree, to make regulations. As we have said already, this is a very complicated matter, and it will take some time to make the regulations.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: The Parliamentary Secretary is rather in too much of a hurry. I was going on to say that it has followed still more closely the common form in that the Minister, in taking powers, said he would do his best to see that the regulations really would not occur at all—

Mr. Blenkinsop: Oh, no. That is the interpretation of the right hon. and gallant Gentleman.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: That is the sign of grace. I take it that when the cat is away the mice will play, and therefore the Parliamentary Secretary adheres to the pledge. It is, of course, true to say that this was moved by the Opposition, and it was only after pressure from the Opposition that the suggestion by the Minister that he might think over it was made. It was made so late that it did not come in until after the hon. Member for Hornchurch (Mr. Bing) had made an eloquent speech quoting Scripture, and suggesting that the Opposition was proposing to repeal the Parable of the Good Samaritan. The hon. Member for Hornchurch, with great tact, is not in his place—

Mr. Blenkinsop: I do not like to interrupt the right hon. and gallant Gentleman again, but the proposals that the Opposition put down on the Report stage were very much wider, and did in fact suggest a general charge to all visitors to this country.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: I think again that the Parliamentary Secretary is not completely accurate. We gave the Minister power to make regulations just as he is taking here. He has the power to make regulations and charges on anybody and in any amount, the only criterion being, "not ordinarily resident in Great Britain." That in fact was the criterion which we applied. Naturally we are glad to see this sign of grace. We are glad to have it admitted at last by the Minister that there was a case in the representations put forward. I trust that the Press will also be gratified to find the Minister apologising, although a little tardily, and admitting that the case put forward in the Press has a certain amount of basis. Naturally, the Minister minimises the basis of it. The Minister sufficiently admits the case to ask King, Lords and Commons to give him power to deal with this abuse and I trust very much that it will obviate the necessity in which the Minister, and indeed the Government, were placed before that, when the determination whether people were coming into this country for the purpose of seeking medical advice or not was left to the immigration officer to decide. I think that that was the crowning absurdity and I am glad to find that that absurdity is to be erased from our administration. Of course, we welcome the new Clause.

Dr. Broughton: The right hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for the Scottish Universities (Lieut.-Colonel Elliot) seems to claim for himself and his party credit for this Amendment. I listened attentively to the speech of the right hon. and gallant Gentleman when he moved a somewhat similar Amendment on the Report stage of this Bill, and I have recently refreshed my memory by reading the OFFICIAL REPORT of that Debate. In that speech he admitted that my right hon. Friend the Minister of Health had previously arranged for immigration officers to turn back aliens who were coming to this


country to secure the benefit of the free Health Service. As he has said, my right hon. Friend in that Debate stated that it was his intention to bring to the notice of another place this matter which was causing him concern so that a suitable Amendment could be framed. The right hon. and gallant Gentleman really should not claim credit for this. My right hon. Friend was ahead of him all the time, as is invariably the case.

Lieut-Colonel Elliot: The hon. Member really must at least get the clock right. He will see that the Minister spoke long after the Amendment had been moved and seconded from this side of the House and we took exception—I have taken it again today—to the fantastic way in which the matter was previously being dealt with—namely, that an immigration officer was asked to decide upon clinical data.

Dr. Broughton: The fact that the Minister had taken action by requesting the immigration officers to watch this matter shows that he had not overlooked it. If it is any consolation to the right hon. and gallant Gentleman I will say that the Amendment which he moved, his eloquence in doing so and the entertaining exchange of words which occurred between him and my right hon. Friend, spread further interest in this matter in this House and in the country.
As I read this Amendment, it appears to me that it would allow a Minister of Health to make charges on all foreigners using our Health Service. I hope that no future Minister of Health will make such a regulation. The present Minister of Health is unlikely to do so. He said in this House that a reasonable use of the service by those who fall ill when visiting this country is a part of hospitality.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: Where does the hon. Gentleman find the word "foreigner"?

Dr. Broughton: I was using the word "foreigner" to mean persons resident outside Great Britain.

Sir H. Lucas-Tooth: There is a difference.

Dr. Broughton: Of course I realise that the words "persons resident outside Great Britain" include people of British nationality. These regulations will necessarily be complicated. It was my hope

that some special allowances might be made for people of British nationality.
I was at a meeting a few months ago where there was a discussion on this subject. We listened to arguments for and against the policy. After a while a young woman at the back of the hall said that she was a visitor to the United Kingdom from the United States of America. She said that she had had no illness in her life and that her health was then good, but she added, "If I am taken ill whilst away from home, it is good to know that someone will look after me." She felt the comfort of being among good Samaritans. I think that she is only one of thousands of foreigners to carry back to their own lands grateful memories of our generosity. The use of the Health Service by foreigners has not cost the country a great deal of money. The price has been small for the amount of international good will and friendship which has been created. I hope that we shall continue to give free medical attention in those bona fide cases of illness which occur among foreigners visiting this country. Surely, it is our desire to set an example to the world in courtesy and in international ethics.
Abuses by people who come deliberately to the United Kingdom to take advantage of a free service present another matter. That practice must be checked. Quite apart from economic reasons which certainly cannot be ignored, on principle we must not allow such conduct.
When regulations are made to stop abuses by foreigners, I hope that care will be exercised not to discourage people from other countries coming here for medical and surgical treatment if they are prepared to pay for it. If they are willing to pay the costs of private wards in hospitals, drugs, dressings and doctors' fees, no impediment should be placed in their way.
People from many countries go to Switzerland for sanatorium treatment. We hear of people going to the United States of America for difficult and delicate brain operations. In this country we have hospitals of fame, physicians and surgeons of international repute, and we have a new, efficient and improving Health Service. I think that we should encourage rather than debar from our country foreigners seeking treatment, provided they cause us no financial loss.
To summarise my views, I place foreign patients in three categories. First, there are those who are taken ill whilst with us. They should be allowed, if they so wish, to have free medical attention. Secondly, there are those who come to grasp something for nothing. They must be stopped. Thirdly, there are those who come for medical attention and are ready to pay for it. They should be welcomed. When regulations are drafted, I hope that each of the three categories I have mentioned will receive just regard.

Question put, and agreed to. [Special Entry.]

Orders of the Day — NATIONAL PARKS AND ACCESS TO THE COUNTRYSIDE BILL

Order read for consideration of Lords Amendments.

2 p.m.

The Minister of Town and Country Planning (Mr. Silkin): I beg to move, "That the Lords Amendments be now considered."
It will perhaps be convenient if I say straight away that it is proposed to accept all the Lords Amendments. We do not disagree with any of them. There are some 140 Amendments and most of them are of a drafting character, or are consequential on drafting Amendments, or represent improvements in machinery. Perhaps it would be convenient if hon. Members were to ask questions about any Amendments upon which they required further information. Generally, I can assure the House that the Amendments are of a character which is not controversial, but will meet such points as have been made in this House or in the other Chamber.

Consequential Amendment made to the Bill, in page 14, line 22, at the end, by inserting:
(d) the expression 'owner' includes any person empowered under this subsection to enter into agreements relating to land."—[Mr. W oodburn.]

Lords Amendment in page 50, line 14, agreed to. [With Special Entry.]

Consequential Amendment made to the Bill, in page 50, line 32, after "(4)," by inserting the word "or (5): "—[Mr. Silkin.]

Remaining Lords Amendments agreed to. [Several with Special Entries.]

Orders of the Day — PATENTS BILL [Lords]

Order for Second Reading read.

Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."—[Mr. J. Edwards.]

2.5 p.m.

Mr, Manningham-Buller: I am sorry that we have not had a word of explanation of this Bill. It is one of the first products to result from the Consolidation of Enactments Act passed so recently in this House. I only want to say what a welcome thing it is to find that so much of the law relating to patents will now be contained in one Act of Parliament, which will make it much easier for practitioners at the Bar, solicitors and patent agents to refer to. It is a most welcome Measure, and I certainly do not want to impede its passage to the Statute Book, but I do not think it should go through its Second Reading without some tribute being paid to those who obviously have taken a great deal of trouble in the preparation of this Bill, or without saying something about the benefits that will accrue from it.

Orders of the Day — REGISTERED DESIGNS BILL [Lords]

Order for Second Reading read.

Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this Bill be now read a Second time."—[Mr. R. Adams.]

2.7 p.m.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: I would like to ask whether this is a consolidation Measure of the old type or a consolidation Measure under the recent Act which involves some slight alterations and Amendments.
So far as I can understand it—and I must confess that I am very ignorant of registered designs—it seems to me to be a good Bill, and I repeat that it is an advantage that one will be able in future to find a very great deal of the law on the subject contained in one Act of Parliament. In case the right hon. and learned Gentleman the Attorney-General, whom I now see in his place, did not hear my question, may I repeat it for his benefit? I would like to know whether this Bill is one of the consolidation Measures under the recent Act; that is to say, consolidation with certain minor variations. If it is, I think our congratulations should go to those responsible for its production, because very little time has elapsed. I think we should give them all the encouragement we can to pursue their very important, though sometimes, I fear, rather uninteresting, labours.

The Attorney-Genera! (Sir Hartley Shawcross): I am much obliged to the hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Daventry (Mr. Manningham-Buller) and I apologise to him for my absence from the House when he commenced his speech.
This is, as the hon. and learned Gentleman anticipated, one of those Bills that might have been brought in under the old procedure. It consolidates 11 Statutes, but they are all comparatively modern ones, and the joint committee did not find any need to make the minor Amendments or improvements which are sometimes necessary in this type of consolidation legislation. Although there are no improvements, I think, as does the hon. and learned Gentleman, that it is very useful to have these Statutes consolidated into a single one.

Orders of the Day — VEHICLES (EXCISE) BILL [Lords]

Order for Second Reading read.

Motion, made and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."—[Mr. R. Adams.]

2.8 p.m.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: I want to raise one question about this Bill. We on this side of the House

welcome consolidation Measures, for the reason I have recently indicated. It makes it very much easier for everyone to find out what is the law. But when the law is in process of reconsideration, when discussions are on foot with regard to changes in the law, I think I am right in saying that the usual practice has been to bring in an amending Bill first and then to follow it with the consolidation Measure. That method has the advantage that, when one looks at the consolidation Measure, one finds all the law on the subject.
While I am not opposed to this Bill in any sense, I rather question the timing of its introduction, for the reason that I understand—and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport will correct me if I am wrong—that at present negotiations are on foot and discussions are taking place with regard to the licensing of agricultural vehicles. I do not propose to touch upon these discussions, or indeed to argue the pros and cons of the taxation of agricultural vehicles. It is an important question. It may be that, as a result of those discussions, certain changes of the present law will be made. I express the hope that certain changes of the permanent law will in fact result, because I think it is desirable and would be beneficial to agriculture. But if that does happen, we are faced with this position, that if we pass this Bill before Christmas we shall be having an amending Bill very soon after Christmas. Probably it will not be contentious; I hope not. If that amending Bill is passed, one of the values which are to be attached to a consolidation Bill will be almost immediately destroyed, because the consolidation Bill will not in fact contain all the statute law upon that subject.
Therefore, if I am right, as I think I am, as to the fact that these negotiations are taking place with a view to making some alterations in the existing law, while not opposing this Measure I should like ' to ask the Attorney-General to consider whether it would not be wiser and more convenient to everyone concerned not to proceed with this particular Measure now, but to wait till we have amended the law, as I myself think we shall, with regard to agricultural tractors, and things like that, and their licensing, and then bring in the consolidation Measure. It might mean some alteration of this Bill


as we now see it. That will depend upon the result of the present negotiations. But the effect of the adoption of that procedure would be to have all the law relating to the licensing of vehicles in one Statute.
I must say that I find it difficult to see what advantage is to be gained by passing this Bill at this moment instead of waiting a few months and making it a real consolidation of all the existing law, because I hope those changes will take place within the next few months. Of course, the Attorney-General may reply "We cannot do that because we are going to hold the election in January or February." That would indeed be a valid reason. But if that is the reason let us hear it, and the argument will not proceed. But on the assumption that the Government feel they can really face the onerous duties of office for just a little longer—

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: For a long time, after the South Bradford by-election result.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: I thought the hon. Gentleman would express that view, knowing how uncertain his tenure at Bedford is.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: Not a bit. I shall increase my majority.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: I quite appreciate the hon. Gentleman's desire to postpone the day when he must go before the electorate.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: I am ready any day.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: The Attorney-General sees the enthusiasm with which his back benchers wish to secure an early change of Government. I have been rather diverted from what I was saying. All I desired to point out was that, unless this reason is put forward, there does not seem to me at first sight to be an adequate reason for carrying through this particular Measure at this moment.
I am sure the Attorney-General will appreciate that I am not opposing this Bill. I am merely questioning the timing of its introduction. I think it is a good Bill, but I should like it to be up-to-date and to contain the results of the present

negotiations, which I hope will be brought to a satisfactory conclusion in the immediate future.

2.14 p.m.

The Attorney-General (Sir Hartley Shawcross): The hon. and learned Gentleman is quite right in thinking that in general the practice is that, where it is definitely intended to amend the law in some specific particular in regard to a branch of the law which is otherwise ripe and appropriate for consolidation, the law is amended in that particular first and consolidation follows. That is most certainly the general and manifestly convenient practice. But here the discussions about the possibility of an amendment of the law in relation to the duty on agricultural vehicles have not quite reached that stage. There are discussions about the matter, and the possibility of some amendment of the existing law is under consideration. If eventually it is decided upon, the fact that a consolidation has taken place will not prevent it from being accomplished; it can be, and would be, dealt with by a provision in the Finance Bill. When, at the time it is possible to bring forward consolidation legislation, there is no definite decision as to whether the law should be amended or not, it seems to us on the whole undesirable to miss the opportunity of consolidation.
It is not really a question of Parliamentary time in relation to the General Election. Perhaps I had better not say anything more about that for the moment. The argument the hon. and learned Gentleman put forward could, I think, be raised in regard to any consolidation Measure in respect of which there had as yet been no definite decision to amend the law, but in regard to which there was some prospect that possibly at some date not yet fixed an amendment might be decided upon. I should have thought that where the position was so much in the air as that, it would be better to get on with consolidation, and if necessary to introduce a provision in some other appropriate Bill later on. I will certainly give consideration to the point the hon. and learned Gentleman has raised; I will see how near we are to any agreement in regard to the desirability of amendment of the law; but if it looks like something which is not going to be accomplished in the immediate future, then I think he would agree


with me that it would be better to take the opportunity, which fortunately we now have, to consolidate these Acts—of which I think there are 24—into one single Measure while the time is available for it.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: While I agree that where negotiations are not approaching a conclusion there is no objection to consolidation—although I must say I had hoped that they were getting much nearer to a conclusion than that—could the Attorney-General give an assurance that the fact that there has been a consolidation would in no sense be used as an argument against making any further change?

The Attorney-General: Oh, yes, I can quite definitely give that assurance. I am not particularly well informed on the exact state of the negotiations, but if agreement is reached about the matter, it will definitely be dealt with by amendment of the Finance Bill, and the passage of this Bill will in no way prejudice that possibility.

Orders of the Day — ELECTION COMMISSIONERS BILL [Lords]

Order for Second Reading read.

Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."—[The Attorney-General.]

2.18 p.m.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: I think this is a singularly appropriate time to introduce a consolidation Bill dealing with elections. This one deals with the appointment of Election Commissioners, and, as I see it, combines the effect of past Statutes going right back to 1852. However, although I think this Bill is well timed, I must express the hope that in the forthcoming election Election Commissioners will not find much need for any activity. To satisfy people's curiosity, perhaps I should say that there is in this Bill nothing dealing with the expenses incurred by certain industries in defending themselves from unwarranted attacks.

The Attorney-General: I must point out that this Bill does have something to do with the question of corrupt and illegal practices. But I have no doubt that in view of the elucidation of the law which we have recently had last week in regard to these matters—

Mr. Baldwin: By whom?

The Attorney-General: —that corrupt and illegal practices of this kind will not occur.

Orders of the Day — AIR CORPORATIONS BILL [Lords]

Order for Second Reading read.

Motion made, and Question proposed, "That the Bill be now read a Second time."—[The Attorney-General.]

2.20 p.m.

Mr. Manningham-Buller: This is a very modern consolidation Bill because the first Act which is brought into consolidation is one of 1939. We are now getting up to date when we consolidate Acts of Parliament, the first of which was in 1939 and the last of which was in 1949.—[Interruption.] It is not a question of this Government getting things done; it is a question of the committee which has been working on this matter and the effect of the Consolidation Enactments Act. I want again to emphasise how much I think their work is worth and how valuable it is. I would not like to pass from this important Bill without again drawing attention to the fact that it does not contain anything dealing with inquiries as a result of what happened earlier.

2.21 p.m.

The Attorney-General (Sir Hartley Shawcross): I would point out that the Bill deals with the law as it exists and cannot include major amendments of the law. I only observe that while it deals with comparatively modern statutes, starting with one passed in 1939, by which the then Tory Government nationalised civil aviation, it is useful to have this


law in a single statute. I agree with the hon. and learned Member for Daven-try (Mr. Manningham-Buller) on the great value of the work of consolidation that is at present being done. The state of our statute law and the number of statutes still operating at least in part on the Statute Book is, as I have often said, a perfect scandal, and it is very useful that we should, first of all, reduce the number by consolidation and then proceed, so far as we are able in particular branches of the law, with the much more important and much more difficult task of codification.

Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. R. Adams.]

Orders of the Day — PASSENGER TRANSPORT (AREA SCHEMES)

2.23 p.m.

Mr. Erroll: I am grateful for this opportunity to raise a matter of very great importance to those who use the buses of this country. The British Transport Commission, under the powers which have been given to them by the Transport Act, are preparing a number of road passenger area schemes. Two of those have begun to take fairly definite form. I wish to draw the attention of the Minister to the nature of these schemes, because it seems highly desirable that they should not proceed further in their present form. Before doing so, I would like to refer to an impression which seems to be growing up both in the Minister's mind and that of his Parliamentary Secretary, that the prototype represented by passenger transport in the London area should be the model for area schemes which are to be put forward in different parts of the country.
The Minister has on a number of occasions referred in rather glowing terms to the efficiency and the success of the London Transport undertaking. Only a matter of some eight days ago, he indicated that before the London transport monopoly was set up, constituent under-

takings—the Underground, tubes and buses—were in a state approaching bankruptcy, and it was by forming the monopoly that an efficient transport undertaking had been set up, giving better value to the public and paying its way more satisfactorily. In actual fact, the position has been just the reverse.
We find on examination that the constituent undertakings were doing very well before the monopoly was brought into being. Far from going bankrupt, the London Underground Railways were paying good profits, and, at the same time, the independent bus companies, properly and usefully co-ordinated by the licensing authority of the day, were providing a stimulating, competitive and cheap service alongside the London General Omnibus Company. As regards the tramway undertakings—a great constituent of the complex of London transport—the Minister of Transport has been less than complimentary in recent months. He has suggested that the trams operate at very high loss in the London area, but he has omitted to refer to the fact that they have been deprived of new capital equipment since the war, whereas the buses he quotes as being more profitable have been highly favoured in the provision of new and up-to-date post-war equipment.
I think it worth while referring to the Labour Party's views of the tramway undertakings before amalgamation took place, and I have here a pamphlet published by London Labour Publications Limited, and written by Mr. Herbert Morrison, entitled "The London Traffic Fraud." On the cover there is an attractive little sketch which shows the grasping hand of monopoly wraping itself round one of London's trams, and under the tram is the inscription "Hands off the people's trams."

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: Will the hon. Gentleman tell us the date of the publication?

Mr. Erroll: It is dated 1929. The importance of the date is that in this pamphlet Mr. Herbert Morrison describes the profitability of the tramways undertakings. One of the main sections of the booklet is devoted to proving that the tramways did pay, thereby giving the answer to the disparaging assertions of the present Minister of Transport. It is


interesting in passing, although I do not wish to take up the time of the House, to notice the then views of the present Lord President of the Council, because there he refers to the two schemes of amalgamation which were then on foot. One of these schemes was subsequently introduced by a Labour Government. He said that
the co-ordination of London Passenger transport pre-supposes a complete monopoly in traffic undertakings. Is the travelling public prepared to face such a monopoly? 
He goes on to say,
The municipal incentive to low fares will be lacking
How true and how prophetic his words have been, because Londoners now enjoy the most expensive local transport obtainable anywhere in England over comparable distances and in similar localities. I may have occasion to refer later to this pamphlet which clearly indicates Labour's change of mind in such an important matter. It may be urged that, at any rate, the service was good, but I would also remind the House that the profitability of the undertakings taken over was severely reduced, and the monopoly, with all the benefits of monopoly powers, was in fact never able to pay its full dividend on its C stock which it had undertaken to pay at 5 per cent. and possibly 6 per cent. if conditions had been favourable.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: The hon. Gentleman made the assertion that the London transport costs from the public point of view were the most costly in England. Has he checked those figures with comparable figures in places like Newcastle, Southampton and Bristol before making such a statement?

Mr. Erroll: Most certainly. In Newcastle a 2d. fare would cost 4d. in London, and in many areas of the country there is still a 1d. bus fare, unchanged since the bus companies came into existence 20 or 30 years ago. The report of the Transport Commission has been less than fair on the question of bus fares. It states that bus fares in the non-metropolitan areas are largely at pre-war levels, when in actual fact bus fares in many cases have not risen since the inception of the bus companies. It must also be remembered that there are many cheap return fares.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: The point is how far one can travel for a given sum, and not whether the fares have gone up.

Mr. Erroll: I was assuming the hon. Member was intelligent enough to realise that I should choose an equal basis of comparison. I am not adopting the statistical tricks so commonly used by Members opposite. I want to point the moral that while the London Transport Board has had the definite object, which may be right or wrong, of keeping people off the roads and getting them into the tubes, particularly during the rush hours, thereby justifying a particular form of charges, it has resulted in a very expensive form of transport which does not pay, and that therefore amalgamations on these lines are not to be recommended in other parts of the country.

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport (Mr. Callaghan): Does the hon. Member say that it does not pay?

Mr. Erroll: It is obvious that it does not pay, because the charges have to be so much higher than they are in other parts of the country, and higher than they were before amalgamation took place. The fact that the trams are substantial losers, compared with their former profitability, is an example of how expensive co-ordination can be. The costs have risen for all types of undertakings, both inside and outside London.
When the Transport Act was passed, provision was made in Part IV for road passenger transport, and the Commission were given permissive powers, if they thought it desirable, to prepare area schemes. The road executive got busy and published the first of a number of schemes. This first scheme was to apply to the Newcastle area and the north-east coast. It embraced the whole of Northumberland, most of Durham and part of the northern fringe of Yorkshire. The purpose of the scheme was to nationalise all road passenger transport in that area.
At the opening meeting held by the road executive no attempt was made to consult with the local authorities concerned, or the representatives of consumer interests, who were merely invited to discuss the details of the boundaries of the scheme, the scheme itself having to be taken for granted. This initial meeting


created considerable hostility in the northern areas concerned, and the Commission has lost ground very considerably in consequence. Those with interests in that part of the country have reason to know that there is now considerable hostility to the development of this road passenger scheme.

Mr. Callaghan: I should like your guidance, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, on this point. The hon. Member is proceeding to discuss an area scheme which has not yet come to the Minister's notice. It is being prepared by the Transport Commission, and in due course, if such a scheme comes to the notice of the Minister, he will presumably have to prepare an order and lay it before the House, when it will become the subject of special Parliamentary procedure. I wish to ask how far it is in Order to discuss such a scheme.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Mr. Bowles): I presume that the area scheme comes under the Transport Act, but if what the Parliamentary Secretary says is correct, that a provisional order is to follow, then the hon. Member ought to be very careful: otherwise he will be out of Order.

Mr. Chetwynd: I understand that if there are objections to this scheme a local inquiry will have to be held and the Minister will have to act as judge, which is a point that also should be borne in mind.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I am not concerned about that. I am concerned with the question of legislation and the provisional order procedure, which the hon. Member must bear in mind.

Mr. Erroll: My intention is to try to persuade the Ministef that such schemes are unnecessary in the best interests of the districts concerned. If he agrees with me, there will be no schemes and no legislation. If I frame my remarks in that way, I think I shall be able to keep within the bounds of Order.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I do not think so. The hon. Member must be careful in what he says, or he will be out of Order.

Mr. Erroll: It is surely desirable to look at the general principles that seem to be emerging to ascertain whether they are best calculated to serve the interests

of the country and the Minister's duty to the House. We can see from the report of the Transport Commission, with such phrases as "co-ordination and integration," which mean very little, that it is important to ensure that no scheme is put forward on flimsy pretexts.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: Is it in Order to discuss schemes that are in preparation, and, in regard to which there can be no Government responsibility?

Mr. Deputy-Speaker (Major Milner): I will bear that point in mind. The hon. Member will be out of Order if there is any possibility of legislation arising.

Mr. Callaghan: There is much more than a possibility of legislation arising. Legislation will be necessary in the case of these schemes. It is important, as representing the Minister responsible, that I should reply to any points put by the hon. Member, but because these schemes have not come to the Minister's notice, it would be improper to comment on any proposition which emanates from the Transport Commission and is supposed to be laid before the Minister at a later date. This is essentially a case where the Minister and the House will be involved in legislation, and I do not see that we can discuss the matter on that basis.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That would appear to be so, and unless the hon. Member is able to controvert what the Parliamentary Secretary has said he will be out of Order.

Mr. Erroll: There is no compulsion on the Transport Commission to produce such schemes. All I am pleading for is that no schemes should be prepared. Surely it is within the competence of the Minister to direct the Transport Commission not to proceed with such schemes? If the Minister has no knowledge of such schemes, he must be singularly out of touch with what has been going on in different parts of the country.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Am I correct in assuming that, in view of what the Parliamentary Secretary has said, any action taken in regard to matters which the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale (Mr. Erroll) is discussing can only be action by legislation?

Mr. Callaghan: indicated assent —

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: If that is so, then the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale is out of Order.

Mr. Enroll: But the action I am trying to persuade the Minister to take is to persuade the British Transport Commission not to proceed. I am not asking for legislation; I am asking for the exact reverse—for the permissive power not to be exercised.

Mr. Callaghan: Section 63 (1) of the Transport Act clearly lays upon the Commission the following obligation:
… as soon as may be review the passenger road transport services operating in Great Britain with a view to determining the areas with respect to which schemes shall be prepared … 
My submission is simply this: it is for the Commission to decide whether or not they shall prepare a scheme. The obligation is laid upon them to do that all over the country. I submit that it would be quite contrary to the intention of the Act for the Minister to adopt the hon. Gentleman's proposition and to go to the Commission and say, "You shall not review the areas of the country, although the obligation is laid upon you under Section 63 (1)." In those circumstances I do not see how we can possibly discuss this sort of issue usefully, when the obligation is laid upon the Commission and the initiative under an Act of Parliament rests with the Commission.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I think the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale must require legislation if he wishes to alter the onus or obligation. Is not that the basis of the hon. Member's speech?

Mr. Erroll: No. The basis of my remarks, perhaps very clumsily put, is to persuade the Minister to instruct the Transport Commission, by means of a general direction to review the passenger transport services, but not to prepare schemes which, on certain evidence, are shown to be undesirable.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I am sorry; I am afraid that will not do. The hon. Member is seeking to put a burden on the Minister which, by law, is laid upon the Transport Commission and, that being so, any such burden could only be altered by law. I am afraid that the hon. Member is, therefore, dealing with a matter which involves legislation. That is a matter which it is not permissible to raise on the Adjourn-

ment. Unless he has another submission to make I must call him to Order.

Mr. Erroll: I understand that it would be only a statutory instrument which would be required and it would not involve a new Bill. I have observed that Adjournment Debates have centred round the policy of a Minister to set up a development council, for example, and such a development council could only be set up by a similar Instrument to the Instrument which is now apparently about to rule my Adjournment speech out of Order.

Mr. Chetwynd: Further to that poin; of Order. Is not the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale mixing up two things? What he is seeking to do is to prevent the Commission from taking action which the Transport Act specifically gives them power to take, and the only way in which my hon. Friend could do that would be by seeking to amend the original Act. I do not think there can be any suggestion of that kind on an Adjournment.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I gather that is so and that the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale does not really dispute that fact.

Mr. Erroll: But I do—indeed I do. Perhaps I might be allowed to continue, so framing my remarks that they quite clearly remain within Order.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: If that is possible, which I very much doubt, but I have not had the advantage of hearing the hon. Member at any length. I will allow him to proceed to satisfy myself that I am right in the Ruling which I have given.

Mr. Erroll: It is interesting to notice the quick opposition which develops towards any attempt to show the deleterious effect which the operation of the British Transport Commission is having.

Mr. Callaghan: On a point of Order. Surely it is the case that it is the responsibility of any hon. Member, and certainly of the Minister standing at this Box at the time, to draw attention to the proper observance of the Rules of Order? It is not because of the merits of the Debate—I am perfectly prepared to discuss them at any time—but it is because the Minister is not in a position at the moment to discuss this matter, for which, at the moment, he has no responsibility.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: That is so and there is no justification for any comment by the hon. Member on that ground.

Mr. Erroll: rose—

Hon. Members: Withdraw.

Mr. Erroll: I have not been asked by Mr. Deputy-Speaker to withdraw and I see no reason for withdrawing in a matter in which no heat has been engendered. I will shift my ground somewhat to draw attention to the unfortunate consequences of the present development on the North-East Coast, where the intervention of the British Transport Commission is causing a great deal of opposition and is threatening to upset the smooth running of the efficient services in that area. While it is true that if the Commission proceed, there may be matters which will come before the House at some time in the future, the fact is that the present services, which do not fall within the authority of the British Transport Commission but are within the general purview of the Minister, are in fact being very efficiently conducted.

Mr. Callaghan: On a point of Order. I really must ask for your guidance straightaway, Major Milner. The hon. Member is attempting to demonstrate that the existing services are efficient and satisfactory and the only way in which that can be controverted is for me to show, if I can—as clearly I am not entitled to show under the Rules of Order—that an area scheme will improve the services. The hon. Member is making a series of allegations which he knows perfectly well, I submit to you, I cannot refute or reply to under the Rules of Order, because I can only reply to them by referring to an area scheme which is designed to alter the existing arrangements. How in these circumstances, I submit to you, can a relevant discussion be conducted?

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: How is the area scheme to be brought forward? By a provisional Order? By what means and by whom is it to be brought before the House?

Mr. Callaghan: By means of an Order in due course laid before the House by the Minister—an Order which, if objection were taken to it, would be dealt with under the Statutory Orders (Special Procedure) Act, 1945, which would

involve, in due course, petitions, a Joint Committee of this House and the House of Lords and numerous other machinery arrangements of that sort.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Unless the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale can show me that what the Parliamentary Secretary has just said is incorrect, then these matters are matters for legislation and the subject to which the hon. Member is addressing himself would involve legislation. That being so, unless he can controvert what has been said, I must rule him out of Order and pass to the next business.

Mr. Erroll: I did say that I had shifted my ground and was now dealing with the efficiency of the present services. The Minister has already said that he has no knowledge of any scheme, so I do not see how he could refer to it in any reply he might make about the efficiency of the transport services on the North-East coast. Surely it would be in Order to discuss the present services, for which the Minister is generally responsible, leaving aside altogether, as I am anxious to do, all reference to the area scheme about which—

Mr. Callaghan: Further to that point of Order. That is simply not the case. The hon. Gentleman said quite clearly when he shifted his ground that the proposals of the British Transport Commission were affecting the efficiency of the services there and were making things more difficult. He is basing his case on the fact that what the Commission propose to do is going to make things more difficult in the North-East area.

Mr. Deputy-Speaker: I am afraid I must rule the hon. Member for Altrincham and Sale out of Order and I cannot hear him any further. Mr. Fletcher.

Orders of the Day — LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANPOWER

2.50 p.m.

Mr. Eric Fletcher: I should like to raise a rather different subject, and one which I do not think, Mr. Deputy-Speaker, you will have any difficulty in recognising as being in Order. The subject which I wish to bring to the notice of the House does not concern any matters involving legislation.
I want to put forward certain suggestions with regard to the broad subject of local government manpower with a view to suggesting improvements that can be made in the sphere of administrative action without any resort to new legislation—improvements which, I submit, will lead both to very considerable economies in the field of Civil Service administration and local government administration, which economies will be accompanied by no loss of efficiency but, on the contrary, will lead to a greater efficiency than exists today in the administration of those social services which are the responsibility partly of certain central Government departments in Whitehall and partly of local authorities of one kind or another.
I do not think it is necessary to emphasise what I believe is common knowledge, that there is an increasing number of administrative and technical staff engaged in almost every sphere of local government and in those branches of the Civil Service, such as the Home Office, the Treasury, the Ministries of Health, Education, Transport and Town and Country Planning, which directly or indirectly are concerned with Government services locally administered. I would go so far as to suggest that in the field of local government the most pressing problem today is not the question of the redistribution of local government boundaries or the re-distribution of the powers of local authorities, both of which matters will require the attention of the House in due course and will require legislation.
The matter of immediate concern to which the Government should give, and I believe are giving, appropriate attention is the relationship between central Government departments and local government authorities throughout the country. This system has grown up over a period of years and there are historical reasons for it, but I believe this system today involves an unnecessary duplication of technical and administrative staff, both centrally and locally, is out of date, unnecessarily costly, and could with advantage be very considerably reduced. I think the House will appreciate the size of the problem if I remind hon. Members that whereas the number of non-industrial persons employed in local government in 1939 was 846,000, that figure rose to 1,028,000 in the year 1947. These figures, which are taken from the officially

published statistics, are strictly comparable. They exclude trading services like buses, trams, gas and electricity, but they include teachers and nurses.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: Does my hon. Friend think that the figures he is quoting show an excessive increase, having regard to the extra administrative burden on local authorities and on the central Government arising from the expansion of the social services? The increase does not seem to me to be very large.

Mr. Fletcher: The most notable fact is the modern tendency to deprive local authorities of various services, and what I think is most remarkable—and I think it will be borne out by any Member in this House with experience of local authorities—is that the administrative, clerical and technical staffs tend to increase notwithstanding the fact that during the last few years local authorities have been deprived of various services.
It is often a matter of complaint by local authorities that various social services are being taken away from them. It is, no doubt, remarkable how many important social services formerly administered by the local authorities are no longer administered by them. One could instance hospitals, public assistance, transport, gas and electricity and trunk roads—the latter now administered by the Ministry of Transport. Soon rating will disappear from the sphere of activity of local authorities and will pass to a central organisation. Other spheres of activity which local authorities might legitimately expect to have been entrusted to them, such for example as civil airfields, the responsibility for the location of industry or the laying out of new towns, are entrusted to Government departments.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: While I agree with some of the points which have been put by my hon. Friend, I hope he will take into account the extra administrative burden laid on local authorities, such as food, petrol and coal rationing, which have all inevitably led to a great increase in administrative staffs.

Mr. Fletcher: There are many aspects of this problem and I have time only to deal with some of them. On the general question to which my hon. Friend has referred, I could not do better than quote from the words of Professor


Robson, a well known authority on all matters relating to local government. A year or so ago he published the second, edition of his book entitled "The Development of Local Government," the first edition of which appeared in 1931. In the second edition he said:
In 1931, when this book was first published, I was able to refer in the preface to ' the immense and growing importance of local government in the life of the nation.' Today, it is unhappily necessary to record its rapidly declining significance in the policy of our country. How and why has this deplorable result occurred? The short answer is that local authorities are being denuded of their functions in consequence of the transfer of services to the central government or to ad hoc bodies appointed by Ministers. Accompanying this curtailment of functions is an immense increase of central control over the remaining duties of local authorities. It is no exaggeration to say that local government is facing a crisis of the first magnitude.
I do not want the House to think that I necessarily share the sentiments there expressed by Professor Robson. The point to which I want to draw the attention of the House is that, in so far as there has been a reduction in the activities of local authorities, it is reasonable to expect that there should be a reduction in their general overall administrative expenditure. I ask the Government spokesman who will reply if the Treasury will not only direct their attention to simplifying the existing system of control by central government over local authorities, but will also initiate steps to see that in local authority administration throughout the country there is something of the same nature as the Organisation and Method Division in the Civil Service to see that the activities, the methods, the procedure and organisation of local authorities are brought into line with modern conditions.
One of the complaints made is that where local authorities find themselves in a state of expanding activity, new staff is taken on, quite rightly, to deal with those services but, when one comes to a period of contraction, it is less easy to observe that the corresponding reductions are being made.
We all support the exhortations that are being repeatedly made by Government spokesmen to those in industry and to the people of this country for harder work, greater output, and more efficiency, but I believe that those appeals would meet

with a readier response if the Government demonstrated that within their own sphere they were doing everything possible to put their house in order, both with regard to the Civil Service and, so far as they can control it—which is to a large degree—with regard to local authority administration.
The present system of almost meticulous control by various central Departments over the expenditure of local authorities, often down to a degree of minutiae which is almost unbelievable, results from the fact that the Government are a large contributor to the expenses of local authorities. The size of that will be appreciated when one remembers that out of the total expenditure of about £540 million by all local authorities for the year 1945–46, no less than £234 million, or approximately 40 per cent., came from the national Exchequer. I ask the House—how does this system of control of expenditure operate? Is it not unnecessarily expensive, does it not involve unnecessary duplication, and cannot considerable economies be made?
Those with experience of local authority administration in, for example, education or housing, will realise the degree of frustration and expense which arise because at every stage a scheme for building of a school or for the layout of a block of flats has to be submitted for approval in detail to the Ministry concerned. The plans, prepared by highly qualified architects of local authorities, are submitted to the central Department and then vetted, and changed—very often, and inevitably so, by less-well qualified architects in the responsible Government Department. One knows the large amount of time which is spent by technical and administrative staff at meetings between local authorities and the central Government with regard to approval in great detail of plans for housing schemes, for schools, and for roads. It is almost impossible, for example, for a local education authority to incur expenditure for the most trivial improvement in one of its schools without plans being submitted to and approved by a central authority.
I do not want to be unduly critical or to give unnecessary examples, but it would illustrate the degree to which the system now operates if I were to quote one illustration, which comes from the Home Office. If a local authority responsible for


a remand home wishes to send a child home to its parents for a weekend at a cost of, say, 10s., it has to obtain prior approval from the Home Office. Correspondence passes between the local authority and the Home Office, who consider it their duty to see whether the expenditure could not be reduced by 6d. or even by 3d. before approval is given.
Officials are engaged in this kind of work all over the country. Unnecessary staff are wasting their time in trying to ensure control to that degree of detail of local authorities. The result is that local authorities, with their own highly qualified technical officers, architects, engineers, valuers, lawyers and accountants spend a great deal of their time in consultation with other architects, engineers, valuers, lawyers and accountants in Whitehall on the details of various social services for which the community pay, either as taxpayers or ratepayers, but in which there is at present this duplication of effort and consequent wastage of manpower.
I do not suggest that the present Government have been inactive in this matter. This is not a problem of their creation, but is something which they inherited. It is a result of a system which has grown up over a long period, and I am glad to acknowledge that the present Government have already taken steps to deal with it. On 3rd June, 1947, the Minister of Health issued a circular which contained the following paragraph:
It is the desire of the Government to simplify as far as possible the administrative arrangements as between the Government Departments and local authorities. The Association of Local Authorities are being consulted as to the most effective means of securing this object.
One must also acknowledge that the local authorities were quick to seize the opportunity provided by that circular. They put forward various suggestions of a body representing all the local authorities in the country. They said that in their view:
in the course of years local authorities have been required to sustain a heavy and increasing burden of central administrative control and direction which not only threatens to destroy the local interest and initiative, but has also resulted in an uneconomic disturbance of the balanced use of manpower by unduly increasing the number of people employed by the Government and the local authorities on administration instead of on productive work.

Detailed propositions were put forward by the associations with a view to eliminating detailed control at various stages and with the broad general object of securing that once a project had received the general approval of the central Government Department concerned, both in its general and in its financial aspect, the detailed arrangements should be left to the local authorities. If, for example, a qualified architect of one of the municipalities or county councils certified that the architecture and the plans were what he considered right for a school, or whatever was considered, it should not be necessary for another set of architects in Whitehall to make alternative suggestions on architectural detail. Where an authority is engaged on a highway improvement, it should not be necessary for the Ministry of Transport, with their staff, to examine it, approve it both at the beginning, and while the work is in progress and then, at the end, check and verify all the details of expenditure.
The Government have, indeed, proceeded further. At the beginning of this year my right hon. Friend announced in this House the appointment of a Departmental Committee with the duty of reviewing and co-ordinating
the existing arrangements for ensuring economy in the use of manpower by local authorities and by those Government Departments which are concerned with local government matters; and to examine in particular the distribution of functions between central and local government and the possibility of relaxing departmental supervision of local authority activities and delegating more responsibility to local authorities."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 8th February, 1949; Vol. 461, c. 33.]
I hope the Minister will be able to tell us this afternoon that substantial progress has been made by the Committee and that when its report is available—which I hope will be very shortly—the Government will be prepared to tackle this matter with vigour and determination, in order to see that every possible economy is made in this field.
I am convinced that the necessary financial partnership between the State and local authorities in operating social services could be carried out with very considerable economy. I hope that the Government will not only be able to implement any detailed recommendations which will be made by this Committee, but also announce their intention of taking any drastic measures, if necessary, to


eliminate meticulous duplications. They will merely at the same time be doing something to remove the degree of frustration which at present exists in local government circles and also introduce very desirable measures of economy. I hope that the Minister will be able to carry the matter one stage further, because I hope that steps will then be taken, either through the media of the local authority associations or otherwise, to induce the local authorities themselves to overhaul their own independent machinery, with a view to giving the maximum effect to any economies that can be made in the general existing set-up.

3.16 p.m.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: I had not intended to intervene in this Debate, but because I feel that my hon. Friend has rather overdrawn the picture to some degree I should like to say a word or two. For instance, I do not think that in quoting the figures which he gave to the House he has taken into due account the necessary and inevitable increases in the staffs of local authorities which were brought about during the war years and which it has since not been possible to eliminate in view of the need to continue the rationing of coal, petrol and food.
I agree with my hon. Friend that there is undoubtedly some overlapping of staffs. I also agree with him about the undesirability of taking away functions from the local authorities if that can be avoided. But my hon. Friend did not point out that to set against the loss of some of these functions new functions and new responsibilities are being put on the local authorities. There is for example, the matter of running the national parks, which in its working out and development represents a most important" aspect of our national life.
The unnecessary staffs to which my hon. Friend has referred sometimes exist I feel because the local authorities do not always co-operate as fully with Whitehall as they might. I have come across instances both in my own constituency and outside in which had there been a more wholehearted desire to fall into line with the legislation enacted in this House, various people who are employed could have been dispensed with. To compare one local authority with another will underline the point which I am making.

Local pride is something which we should foster; local traditions are something which should be preserved, and speaking as a traditionalist, I am one who very much regrets the removal from the local authorities of matters in which local initiative and local enterprise can in themselves be specifically developed. But I wish to say to my hon. Friend that I think he has given a somewhat one-sided picture of the position. Indeed some part of what he has said may be taken as being rather damaging to the Government, although I am sure he did not mean it to be so. It was because I felt that that interpretation could be put upon it, that I decided to make this short contribution to this Debate.

3.19 p.m.

The Financial Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. Glenvil Hall): My hon. Friend the Member for East Islington (Mr. E. Fletcher) has made what is, for an Adjournment Debate, a fairly lengthy speech, in the course of which he has covered a great deal of ground, with three-quarters of which I am, as he would be the first to admit, quite unable to deal, because the points concern either the Minister of Health or the Home Secretary or other Departments. As I understand the position, the only point with which I can deal, and the point to which he returned over and over again, was the simple one of the overlapping of functions between staff at the national Government level and at the local authority level. He is an expert in this field, and he speaks with authority. What he says is quite true. Although it has been going on for several generations, there has been particularly in recent years a shift in the incidence of, at any rate, some of the work which previously was carried out by the local authority and which now, if it was a borough or an urban council, has passed to the county council, or to Whitehall.
As he said, a committee was set up some time ago to consider these and ancillary matters. Representatives of the Departments concerned and of the local authorities have been sitting on that committee. It is an expert committee and I can only regret that this afternoon I have not its report before me. The committee has not yet reported, although we hope that at no distant date its report


will be in the hands of my right hon. and learned Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer. My hon. Friend will be the first to realise that until we get that report, and until it has been considered, in all its bearings, both inside the Treasury and by the Prime Minister, it is impossible for me either to comment on what it might contain or upon what line the Government may take, either because of recommendations in the report, or in spite of what that report might contain or recommend.
That being so, I am at a disadvantage, and I mean no discourtesy to my hon. Friend when I say that it would have been better if he had raised the matter later on when the report had been considered and when I would have been able to have given him a much longer and considered reply. It might interest him and the House to know that although the report of that committee is not yet in the hands of my right hon. and learned Friend, it was part of the terms of reference of that committee that it should as it went along do what it could to meet many of the points which my hon. Friend has raised, in order to prevent this overlapping of functions, duplication of staff and bottlenecks of one kind and another.
Therefore, I hope he will feel assured that the Government not only have this matter very much in mind, but are actively pursuing such remedies as are open to them. As and when the time comes for that report to be implemented, I hope he will think that the Government have not only faced the difficulties which have arisen and the real problems that undoubtedly exist, but have already done something to alleviate those problems and difficulties; and to prevent the duplication which has undoubtedly grown up between national and local authority.

Lieut.-Colonel Lipton: We are in this difficulty, that it has been announced that this report is not to be published. How, then, will the House be able to know whether, and to what extent, any of the recommendations in that report have been carried out?

Mr. Glenvil Hall: No decision has yet been taken whether the report will or will not be published. It is a report by individuals who are mainly on the official level, and therefore it is not the kind of report normally published as a White

Paper or a Blue Book. My right hon. and learned Friend has this matter under consideration, but it has not been decided whether it should be published or not. What I can say to my hon. and gallant Friend is that any action which is taken upon it will most decidedly be made public, and, if someone is so minded, be ventilated in this House.

Mr. Skeffington-Lodge: May I ask whether my right hon. Friend accepts the validity of any of the points I made in my short contribution to this subject or whether they were not appropriate or relevant?

Mr. Glenvil Hall: I am sorry if I did not refer to my hon. Friend. He supported me in such wholehearted fashion that it appeared to me that it would be only painting the lily if I indicated that, of course, I am delighted to have support.

Mr. Fletcher: I should like to put a point to my right hon. Friend and to express appreciation for what he has said. When His Majesty's Government come to a conclusion about the desirability of publishing this report, will they bear in mind that, although all the recommendations of the committee may be carried out by the circularisation of local authorities, they ought not to hide their light under a bushel? I believe, and I gather that he agrees, that considerable economies may result. I hope that the Government will get the benefit of publicity for what they are about to do.

Orders of the Day — I.L.O. CONVENTIONS (RATIFICATION)

3.27 p.m.

Mr. John Hynd: I apologise for detaining the House, but I should like to take this opportunity to raise a matter on which I have asked the Government to give facilities for Debate before but without success. I wish to raise the question of the International Labour Organisation with particular reference to the ratification of conventions. The procedure laid down in the Statute of the I.L.O. is that each member State is obliged' to submit to the competent national authority, which is not defined, the various conventions passed at each conference of the organisation. They should do that within 12 months.
That has been done technically in this Parliament by printing White Papers giving the record of the conferences of the I.L.O. and making reference therein to the various conventions which have been passed. But these have never been placed before Parliament in circumstances which would enable the House to discuss their merits and consider whether or not we should ratify the convention. I question very much whether the technical procedure which has been adopted meets the purpose and the spirit of the Statute of the I.L.O.
I wish now to make reference in particular to one or two conventions, and if the Minister does not arrive before I have finished, I hope note will be taken of my remarks. There are conventions which were adopted by the I.L.O. as long ago as 1919 and which have not yet been ratified by this country In particular, there is the famous eight-hour day convention which was No. 1 of the I.L.O. conventions and over which there was considerable controversy in this country for a number of years. That convention remains unratified. I know that there are special reasons why that is so. The same remarks apply to a number of other early conventions which have not yet been ratified, but I think that it is time that some attention was given to the position created by the existence of these conventions. If it is necessary that they should be modified, extended or amended in any way to make them valid, that ought to be done. If not, they ought to be scrapped and something else put in their place.
There are other conventions in connection with which the explanation may not be so simple. There is, for instance, the convention—I do not remember the actual year—for the marking of heavy packages for conveyance on vessels. That convention has been ratified by all the maritime countries in Western Europe except the United Kingdom and Turkey. That position is very difficult to understand. If there are technical reasons why that convention cannot be ratified, it would appear that these would also apply to Norway, Sweden, Denmark and other countries. I should like to know why that convention has not been ratified by this country and what the difficulties are.
Another one affecting seamen which we have not ratified, although it has been ratified by other maritime countries, is the convention dealing with the repatriation of seamen. That is a most important convention. It has been on the statute book of the I.L.O. for many years apparently without any action having been taken by this country.
Then, there are certain social insurance conventions, one of them dealing with maternity in the case of women in industry. That is another of the 1919 conventions which has not been ratified here. It may be said in this case, and in the case of some other social insurance conventions, that our social insurance arrangements in this country far surpass the provisions of these conventions. In so far as that is true, that would appear to me to be a reason, not for non-ratification, but rather for ratification, because at the moment we stand second on the list of ratifications. I think our number is 41, whereas France leads with something like 49. I think this should be explained to the House, and I think it is unfortunate that there has not been an opportunity for the Minister to make a statement on these points before now. It is about time that we considered whether the procedure adopted for reporting these conventions to the House is adequate.
There are three further points I want to make. One is in regard to the special position of Turkey, which is at the bottom of the list of Western European countries in regard to the record of ratifications of I.L.O. conventions. Turkey has ratified five in all, and Turkey is now a member of the Council of Europe. As a member of that Council, she is a signatory to the acceptance of the standards of human rights embodied in the Statute of the Council of Europe, and so it is to be desired that Turkey will now review her position in regard to I.L.O. standards of employment. I hope that will be done and steps will be taken to bring to her notice her special obligations in this direction.
The next point is in regard to Germany. It has been stated in the House in reply to Questions that it is the intention of the Government to invite Germany to join the I.L.O. on some special basis, "special basis" presumably meaning that she shall go there as an observer or as an associate member. I submit very seriously to the


Government that this is just not good enough. Here is no question of giving to Germany prestige or any kind of advantage, because every member country is involved in certain obligations in regard to the labour standards which she recognises within her own territory.
There has been a lot of complaint in the House recently about the development of German industry, and much fear has been expressed about the competitive power of this developing German industry and the competitive prices which Germany can offer in the world's markets precisely because of the low rates of wages and very unsatisfactory conditions operating in the German labour field. If that is so, surely we are not giving Germany any privilege in suggesting that she should come into the I.L.O. with full rights and obligations?
What we are saying is that Germany, too, has this obligation of establishing reasonable labour conditions on I.L.O. standards in her own territory, and that Germany, not less than any other European countries, should make her contribution to the elimination of unsatisfactory labour conditions, and that she can only do that in the I.L.O. with full membership. If she is only there as an observer, she will have no say in the framing of these conventions and cannot make any contribution to them by indicating the special difficulties of conditions in Germany, and if the conventions are completed without the Germans being consulted in them they could not have any responsibility for accepting the standards set down in them.
In this particular matter, we should say definitely to Germany, not only that she is invited to join the I.L.O. as a full member, but that she ought to do so and that we insist that she shall do so, because only by such action do I believe that we can impose upon Germany the obligation of recognising the standards laid down in I.L.O. Conventions.
There is one final point, which is a minor though important one. I have observed that, in the Western European countries, there is a system of I.L.O. directors, or, in the smaller countries, correspondents. There is a director established in London, and there are directors or correspondents in a number of other Western European countries.

There are, not only in Sweden and Italy, but even in Greece and Austria, already I.L.O. correspondents, who can offer information about the facilities of the Organisation to trade unions, employers, Members of Parliament and so on. According to the records, in the whole of the Benelux countries there is not a single I.L.O. correspondent or office. Now, I think that is a remarkable situation. I should have imagined that Brussels was a point where there should be direct contact between the I.L.O., the public and Parliaments. I therefore ask the Minister, if he will, to look into this point to see whether there is any substantial reason why an I.L.O. correspondent should not be established in Brussels immediately, and as soon as possible in Western Germany.
I am sorry that the Minister has not been able to be present at this Debate. I did notify him, and I was hoping he would be here. Nevertheless, I welcome this opportunity of expressing these views, which I think are of some importance. I hope my right hon. Friend will take note of them and maybe give us some information about them in some other form.

Mr. Snow (Lord Commissioner of the Treasury): I will convey to my right hon. Friend the observations made by my hon. Friend. I wish to express my right hon. Friend's regret at his inability to attend because the notice was so short.

Orders of the Day — PATRICK AVIATION COMPANY

3.37 p.m.

Mr. Blackburn: I am grateful to you, Mr. Speaker, for calling me at this stage, and I should like to apologise to you and to the Parliamentary Secretary for the fact that I was not here earlier. I did not believe that this subject for the Adjournment Debate would be reached today.
I shall be as short as possible in putting my case. I believe it will have your sympathy, Mr. Speaker, because it relates to a matter I raised a fortnight ago, namely the fate of 14 ex-Service men in my constituency. I will not say again what I said on 25th November, which the Parliamentary Secretary will have read in HANSARD. I only wish to make one correction. It appears that I suggested that


this company, the Patrick Aviation Company, had a 99.5 per cent. accident record. While of course I do not wish for one moment to reflect on HANSARD—which, if I may say so, is excellent in its reporting—I think I actually said "accuracy record." What I meant was that this company has been 99.5 per cent. accurate in its timings between Elmdon Airport and Jersey.
I think the Minister will be quite ready to admit that this company, which is a very small company employing only 14 ex-Service men on a scheduled service, has been absolutely first-class; and I think he will agree with me that it has operated the service very efficiently. Perhaps I should just say that what I am pleading for is the right of this company to carry on a scheduled service between Elmdon Airport and Jersey during next summer, because if they are not allowed to carry on that service next summer they have now got to dismiss the 14 ex-Service men.
The Parliamentary Secretary has, on behalf of his noble Friend, written me a letter. I will not read the whole of it, but he has, in effect, declined the suggestion I made. Last time I merely suggested that the Minister should agree to this service continuing during the summer. Since then I have met the board of the company, who have been willing to make what I should regard as a most reasonable proposal. British European Airways desire to take over this scheduled service for next summer, and, as I understand it, they propose to run this scheduled service with Dakotas. Now, I am not an expert on this matter, but Dakotas seat 24 people, and the Rapides which the company are now using seat six people. This company, having put up a very large sum of money, at lot of which they are bound to lose anyway, are willing, in order to safeguard these ex-Service men to say "All right, let B.E.A. take over this service with Dakotas and we will underwrite the service with Rapides."
That is to say, if on any particular day there are only four or five passengers, so that obviously it is not worth while for B.E.A. to run a Dakota, because it will be run at a loss, the company will underwrite it by running one Rapide. On that basis they will safeguard the employment of these ex-Service men. I

must say that I consider that to be an exceedingly generous compromise on their behalf which they have offered to the Minister. This is what the Minister replied:
I have considered in conjunction with B.E.A. whether it is possible to adopt the suggestion of Patrick Aviation Ltd. that they should offer a Rapide instead of the B.E.A. Dakota service on days when loads offering are insufficient to justify a Dakota service. I am satisfied that this proposal is quite impracticable from the Corporation's standpoint and would involve them in an additional expense for which there would be no commensurate revenue returns.
I cannot understand the reason for that. If B.E.A. are going to run a Dakota service, it must repay them to have that service underwritten by Rapides on days when it does not pay them to operate Dakotas. I am asking the Minister to be good enough to deal with that point.
My main point is a different one entirely. It is a point which affects my constituents, and which, I think, affects the issue of the moral standard of life which we have in this country. My hon. Friend's noble Friend is known as a Christian Socialist. I cannot reconcile either with Christianity or with Socialism 14 ex-Service men being put in the situation in which these men may be put next week. While the Ministry could perfectly well agree, I am quite sure at no cost to themselves, to this service being run, the Ministry are adamant, and say, "These men must be dismissed."
I would appeal to my hon. Friend to reconsider this matter and to realise that there are greater things in the world than bureaucratic rule of thumb. I appeal to him to realise that we must look after the under-dog. That, after all, is the main purpose for which we as Socialists came into this House. These 14 ex-Service men are the under-dogs. They fought for this country. I gave the details on the last occasion. Two were Coastal Command pilots, one a long range bomber pilot—and these are men about whom, in my submission, my hon. Friend ought to be very careful indeed in safeguarding their employment. I ask him to say, at any rate, that he will see that these ex-Service men in my constituency are given posts in British European Airways when those posts can be provided. I also ask him to reconsider this matter.
My hon. Friend has been very fair in this matter and has in fact stated that


the only suggestion he can offer is that Patrick Aviation, Limited, might consider whether there are any other routes in which B.E.A. are not interested as a basis of application. I discussed that with the Board this morning. The position is this: I do not see how they can be fairly expected, even if the Ministry were willing to allow them to do so, to take over another line. To take over another line would involve them in a great deal of expense, and they may have exactly the same fate in respect of that line.

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation (Mr. Lindgren): indicated assent.

Mr. Blackburn: I am glad to see that my hon. Friend agrees. While I entirely agree that from the beginning this company knew that it was operating this scheduled service under sufferance, I would ask him to consult his noble Friend again and see if something cannot be done in order to give them a chance.
I am by no means satisfied that absolute monopolies of any kind, whether monopolies as a result of State enterprise, or monopolies under private enterprise, are the most efficient way to run an industry. After all, we are dealing here with a matter of fundamental importance. I cannot believe it is in the interests of this country that there should be a complete monopoly of civil aviation. I do not think I am conflicting here with the policy of the Labour Party. The Labour Party has said that while the Government must take over the scheduled services, private enterprise can continue to operate the charter services. Unless one or two minor scheduled air-lines are to be operated in conjunction with the charter services, it will never pay a company to run a charter service.
I am sure my hon. Friend will agree that our object in the Labour Party is not to try to circumscribe the natural genius and inventive talent of our people in one gigantic monopoly. Our purpose is to enable the individual talents of our people to grow and fructify. If I were pleading that the great firms of Austins and Cadburys in my constituency should not be taken over, I should be in a position of much greater embarrassment.

Mr. Lindgren: My hon. Friend says that he would be in a position of greater embarrassment. So, he is embarrassed in this case?

Mr. Blackburn: I am certainly embarrassed, the reason being that I voted for nationalisation and I accept the principles laid down. I still say, however, that we have to discriminate to enable the inventive genius of our people to fructify. I do not believe in taking over small enterprises of this kind, especially when they are run for the benefit of ex-Service men. I am not raising this matter in any spirit of carping criticism of the Government which I support, but in a desire to show that Socialism is compatible with individualism; that it is possible for us to achieve a planned economy which abolishes mass unemployment and creates social security, while at the same time safeguarding the individual factor upon which the greatness of our country depends.

3.48 p.m.

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Civil Aviation (Mr. Lindgren): My hon. Friend the Member for King's Norton (Mr. Blackburn) is an enthusiastic Member of the House, and he uses every opportunity, as a good Member of Parliament should, to protect the interests of his constituents. He has done it in this case by correspondence, interviews with officials and the Minister, and now by raising the matter in the House itself. I think he has rather overstated his case in the speech he has just made. What are the facts? The facts are that we have the Civil Aviation Act, 1946, and under that Act the operation of scheduled services is confined to the State Corporations. It is true that because of lack of facilities British European Airways were unable to run all the scheduled services they would have liked, and were not able to give the summer services, particularly to seaside resorts, which the public interest demanded.
My noble Friend stated, in January, that although we have a complete monopoly of scheduled services under the Act, we shall not operate the monopoly in a dog-in-the-manger spirit. He said that as and when, or where and when there are private companies anxious to operate services where B.E.A. are not able to operate those services, then we are prepared to give an associate agreement for a limited period until the State airline takes over that scheduled service. Amongst those who applied for the opportunity to run such a service was Patrick Aviation Ltd., and


they asked to run for six months during the summer from Birmingham to Jersey. Their application was granted because British European Airways were not able to operate that service.
Again, later in the year, they asked permission to run next year. They were told at that time that the service could not be given to them for next year because it was the intention of B.E.A. to run it. We went as far as this, however—we said that if, in fact, the service was required or they cared to operate the service during the winter months they could do so. Of course, I do not blame them for not doing so.

Mr. Blackburn: My information does not confirm what the Minister is saying. Of course, I am simply accepting the word of the Board, but I am told by the Board that they believed they would have at least a very good chance indeed of being allowed to operate the service- during the summer. Obviously it would not pay during the winter unless they could operate during the summer as well.

Mr. Lindgren: The first application was not for a winter service; it was simply for a summer service. When they had the summer service they applied to have it again for the following summer. They were then told that a definite reply could not be given, but they were told to apply in September this year. In September this year they were told that, in fact, they could not have the service next summer.
My first point is that this service was undertaken by this firm in the knowledge of the conditions—in the full knowledge of the fact that they would not have—

Mr. Blackburn: Might not have.

Mr. Lindgren: —that they might not have the opportunity of running at subsequent dates. Further, if the extension were given until next year the same plea could equally well be made next year if the service were then discontinued. In fact, there would be a greater plea next year, because it would be said, "We have carried on for two years and, having put all our resources into it to provide the capacity for two years, we should be allowed to carry on for three years or five years."

Mr. Blackburn: In the first compromise solution which was suggested to the Ministry it was made perfectly clear that they would be willing to accept the position that at the end of next summer the service would be taken over by B.E.A. The point which the Minister is making is not, therefore, a valid one.

Mr. Lindgren: I think it is valid because by the acceptance of an agreement for six months they expected it to be taken over by B.E.A. at the end of six months. Further, my hon. Friend has made a point about 14 employees. I agree that 14 men's employment is a vital matter, particularly to those 14 individuals, but it is equally true that B.E.A. cannot run the service without employing someone, and those persons who are B.E.A's employees in the main, of course, are drawn from the Services. Even if it were not these 14 people, or some of the 14, there is still employment of individuals so far as the operation of the service is concerned.
I must make this point—and I would not have done so but for the fact that my hon. Friend rather overstated his case in regard to the effect on ex-Service men and the duties of the country towards ex-Service men. This firm has itself not accepted all the responsibilities it ought to have accepted. As my hon. Friend said, quite rightly, he is a member of the Labour Party and the Labour movement. This firm has not observed even the Act of Parliament in regard to rates of pay and conditions of employment.

Mr. Blackburn: That is a new allegation.

Mr. Lindgren: It is not a new allegation.

Mr. Blackburn: I do not think that is altogether fair. I have been to some trouble over this matter. This is an entirely new allegation made against the firm. I have no desire to defend the firm, but at the same time it goes contrary to everything that I have been told, and I do not think the allegation ought to have been made without my having had notice of it.

Mr. Lindgren: I am sorry about that But apart from one or two of the larger charter operators, every charter operator in this country is operating below the standards of the airline corporations. This


applies particularly to pilots. It was to pilots that I was referring specifically. The pilots' trade union recently took the British Air Charter Association, of which this firm is a member, to the industrial court and got an industrial court award against them because they were not paying the right rates of pay. So far as my information goes, to date they have not yet implemented that industrial court award. In fact, negotiations are going on at the moment between the pilots' trade union and the British Air Charter Association in that matter. Therefore, with regard to rates of pay and conditions of service, this firm, in common with others is not observing the right conditions.
Having said that, I openly, willingly and gratefully acknowledge the fact which was mentioned by my hon. Friend that from the point of view of the standard and efficiency of operations, this firm performed a very good service to the public of Birmingham who took advantage of it last year and who were very appreciative. I am sorry that I cannot give my hon. Friend any hope at all that this service can be allowed to run. It is the policy of His Majesty's Government that as and when the capacity is available in the State airline then the State airline will run that service. That is particularly so, as far as some of these profitable routes are concerned. This is a profitable route on which at certain periods there is a heavy density of traffic. All transport undertakings like a large movement of people or goods from place to place, so that they know they will get a very high return on their operational costs.

Mr, Blackburn: I am sorry to interrupt again, but this is a most important point. Does my hon. Friend really feel that it will ever pay a private company to engage in a charter service without that charter service being supplemented in some way by a schedule service?

Mr. Lindgren: My hon. Friend is going into a very detailed transport problem. I would say first of all that passenger traffic of its own, except for this sort of seaside heavy density route, would never pay on its own. But it is possible on such a route as this for that service to pay on its own. As to charter operations, is really depends on the cost at which such a service can be provided to the user and how much the user is prepared to pay for speed. Therefore, I would not like to be drawn into that sideline.
My hon. Friend suggested—and we are always open to suggestion—that it is recognised that this is particularly a summer service, that it caters for holiday traffic in particular, and that holiday traffic tends at least to confine itself to weekends, although we hope to be able to encourage it to spread. Therefore, there might be a possibility of mid-week traffic which would not justify large aircraft. My hon. Friend has, no doubt, seen the slogan of B.E.A.C, that "B.E.A.C. takes you there and brings you back." The operation from Birmingham to Jersey is one thing, but it is also important to consider the operation from Jersey to Birmingham. If it was possible that there would be only four passengers on an outgoing aircraft on a Wednesday from Birmingham to Jersey, but 14 coming back—

Mr. Blackburn: This company has agreed to underwrite the service. Therefore, if there were four passengers going out and 14 coming back, they have agreed that they would provide the Rapides to move the 14 back.

Mr. Lindgren: That type of operation would mean that the company would lose money heavily.

Mr. Blackburn: It has already lost it.

It being Four o ' Clock the Motion for the Adjournment of the House lapsed, without Question put.

Motion made, and Question proposed, "That this House do now adjourn."—[Mr. Snow.]

Mr. Lindgren: If it has lost money, we ought not to be taken to task for preventing it from losing further money. If there is no money in this service, why do they want to continue it?

Mr. Blackburn: To safeguard the employment of ex-Service men.

Mr. Lindgren: That is a new line of argument. I have yet to meet the private company which can carry on out of charity to its employees week after week, month after month, and year after year. If that is the sole reason why the company is running this service, surely my hon. Friend will agree that the change is better for the travelling public, who ought to be the first consideration, although I agree that the employees should have consideration. A better standard of service will be given a more up-to-date service, a greater


availability of vehicles will be provided and, therefore, on all counts it is better that the service should be carried on by the State airline corporations
I am sorry not to be able to go further to meet my hon. Friend, but what is happening here, and what would happen if this company took over another service, is the necessary consequence of the

policy which he and I approved when we passed the Civil Aviation Act, 1946.

Mr. Blackburn: I am grateful to my hon. Friend for his friendly and courteous answer but I cannot regard it as satisfactory, and I will pursue the matter further.

Adjourned accordingly at Two Minutes past Four o'Clock.